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. 2022 May 31;13:879754. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.879754

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Copyright © 2022 Zhou, Li, Liu, Zhu and Peng

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The interactions between main effector cells involved in chronic spontaneous urticaria. PGD2, prostaglandin D2; MBP, major basic protein; MCP-1, monocyte chemotactic and stimulating factor; CCL, C-C motif chemokine ligand; CXCL, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand; SCF, stem cell factor; ECP, eosinophil cationic protein; EPO, eosinophil peroxidase; GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; PAF, platelet-activating factor; MMP-9, matrix metalloproteinase-9; IFN-λ1, interferon-λ1.