Table 1.
Pre-clinical studies on the administration of the Lactobacillus for protection against bacterial and viral respiratory tract infections.
| Lactobacillus strain | Pathogen | Dose androute ofadministration | Experimentalmodel | Benefits | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| L. rhamnosus CRL1505 and L. johnsonii | Respiratory syncytial virus | 1 ×108 CFU viable L. rhamnosus CRL1505, via oral 1 ×107 CFU viable L. johnsonii, via intranasal |
Infant BALB/c mice | Pulmonary viral load and injury are reduced | (26, 27) |
| L. rhamnosus CRL1505 and L. rhamnosus CRL1506 | Viral pathogen molecular pattern poly(I:C) + Respiratory syncytial virus | 1 ×108 CFU L. rhamnosus CRL1505 or L. rhamnosus CRL1506, via intranasal | Female 3-week-old BALB/c mice | Pulmonary viral load and injury are reduced | 28 |
| L. plantarum NCIMB 8826 or L. reuteri F275 | Pneumonia virus | 1 ×109 CFU viable L. plantarum NCIMB 8826 or L. reuteri F275, via intranasal | Wild-type BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice | Improvement in survival rate and reduction in lung viral load, pulmonary inflammation was reduced | (3) |
| L. rhamnosus GG (LGG) | Influenza virus H1N1 strain PR8 | 1 ×108 CFU viable LGG or 200 µg heat-killed LGG, via intranasal | Infant C57BL/6 mice or seven-week-old female BALB/c mice | Improvement in survival rate and reduction in lung Inflammation | (29, 30) |
| L. casei Shirota | Influenza A/PR/8/34 (PR8, H1N1) virus | 200 µg heat-killed L. casei Shirota, via intranasal | BALB/c female mice | Improvement in survival rate and reduction in lung viral load | (31) |
| L. plantarum 06CC2 and L. gasseri TMC0356 | IFV A/PR/8/34(H1N1) | 20 mg Lyophilized L. plantarum 06CC2 powder, via oral 10 mg lyophilized L. gasseri TMC0356, via oral |
SPF female BALB/c mice (4 or 6-week-old) | Weight loss is suppressed, a survival rate is raised, pulmonary viral load is reduced | (32, 33) |
| L. fermentum CJL-112 and L. kunkeei YB38 | Influenza A/NWS/33 (H1N1) virus | 1 ×108 CFU viable L. fermentum CJL-112, via intranasal 100 mg/kg heat-killed L. kunkeei YB38, via oral |
Female, specific pathogen-free (SPF) BALB/c mice | Significant up-regulation of Th1cytokine and IgA and specific anti-influenza IgA levels Improvement in survival rate and reduction in pulmonary inflammation |
(34) |
| L. plantarum nF1 | Influenza A (H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes) and influenza B (Yamagata lineage) viruses | 110 mg heat-killed L. plantarum nF1, via oral | BALB/c mice(5-week-old females) | Weight loss is suppressed and pulmonary viral load is reduced | (35) |
| L. paracasei CNCM I-1518 | Influenza A(H3N2) | 2 ×108 CFU viable L. paracasei CNCM I-1518, via oral | Six-week-old female BALB/c mice | Weight loss is suppressed, pulmonary viral load and inflammation are reduced | (36) |
| L. fermentum CJL-112 | Influenza A(H9N2) virus | 1.5 ×109 CFU viable L. fermentum CJL-112, via intranasal | Chicken | Improvement in survival rate | (37) |
| L. paracasei ST11 | Vaccinia virus | 1 ×108 CFU viable L. paracasei ST11, via oral | Seven-weeks male Balb/c mice | Reduction in viral spread with a significant decrease of VACV titer on lung, liver and brain, lung inflammation is attenuated and survival rate is increased | (38) |
| L. rhamnosus CRL1505 | Streptococcus pneumoniae | 1 ×108 CFU viable or non-viable L. rhamnosus CRL1505, via intranasa 8 µg peptidoglycan of L. rhamnosus CRL1505, via intranasal |
Immunodeficient Swiss-albino mice | Lung load of pathogens and injury are reduced Improvement in survival rate | (39–41) |
| L. pentosus b240 | S. pneumoniae | 500 mg kg-1 heat-killed L. pentosus b240, via oral | Five-week-old male mice | Prolonged survival time, less body weight loss and lung viral load | (42) |
| L. casei CRL 431 | Sd pneumoniae | 1 ×109 CFU viable L. casei CRL 431, via oral or via intranasal | Adult 8-week-old Swiss albino mice and immunodeficient Swiss-albino mice | Lung bacterial load is decreased and lung inflammation is reduced, accelerated weight recovery | (43, 44) |
| L. casei CRL 431 and LGG | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 1 ×109 CFU viable L. casei CRL 431, via oral 1 ×109 CFU viable LGG, via oral |
Three-week-old mice (young mice) | Bacterial clearance of lung tissue is increased Improvement in survival rate and reduction in lung Inflammation |
(45, 46) |
| L. plantarum CIRM653 | Klebsiella pneumoniae | 1 ×108 CFU viable L. plantarum CIRM653, via oral | 6-8-week-old C57/BL6J mice | The pulmonary inflammation response is reduced | (47) |
| L. murinus CNCM I-5314 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (H37Rv) | 1 ×107 CFU viable L. murinus, via oral | Six-eight-week-old female SPF C57BL/6 mice | reduction in pulmonary inflammation | (48) |