Fig. 7.

Diverse humanized models beyond the yeast. Despite millions of years of separate evolution from the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA) and last universal common ancestor (LUCA), humans share several thousand orthologs with many organisms, including fish, flies, worms and prokaryotes [data obtained from InParanoid (Sonnhammer and Östlund, 2015)]. In the future, scientists can explore humanizations in these diverse model organisms, which diverged several million years ago (mya), to directly measure human gene function.