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. 2022 May 31;9:903847. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.903847

FIGURE 2.

FIGURE 2

Effect of in ovo inclusion of Bacillus subtilis, raffinose, and their synbiotics on ileal gene expression of 21-day-old broilers. (A,B) Intestinal function-related, (C,D) nutrient transporter genes, and (E,F) immune-related genes. NC, non-injected group; PC, sterile distilled water; BS1 = Bacillus subtilis 4 × 105/egg; BS2 = Bacillus subtilis 4 × 106/egg; R1 = Raffinose 2 mg/egg; R2 = Raffinose 3 mg/egg; BS1R1 = (Bacillus subtilis 4 × 105 + Raffinose 2 mg)/egg; BS1R2 = (Bacillus subtilis 4 × 105 + Raffinose 3 mg)/egg; BS2R1 = (Bacillus subtilis 4 × 106 + Raffinose 2 mg)/egg; BS2R2 = (Bacillus subtilis 4 × 106 + Raffinose 3 mg)/egg. Data are presented as the mean values with their standard errors. Gene expression differences were evaluated using fold changes compared to the non-injected group. The significance was declared at p < 0.05. Bars with different letters represent significant differences among the different groups.