. 2022 May 31;9:903847. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.903847

TABLE 4.

Effect of in ovo inclusion of Bacillus subtilis, raffinose, and their synbiotics on cecal volatile fatty acid concentrations at 21-day-old broilers.

Items (μ mol/g)	Treatment groups¹										SEM	P-value
	NC	PC	BS1	BS2	R1	R2	BS1R1	BS1R2	BS2R1	BS2R2
Butyric acid	1.85^d	1.85^d	1.87^d	1.86^d	2.74^a	2.04^c	1.90^d	1.89^d	2.46^b	2.03^c	0.05	<0.001
Isovaleric acid	0.99^b	1.02^b	0.97^b	0.95^b	1.80^a	0.80^b	0.99^b	0.97^b	1.51^a	1.10^b	0.06	<0.001
Pentanoic acid	0.40^d	0.42^d	0.41^d	0.40^d	1.22^a	0.54^c	0.41^d	0.41^d	0.91^b	0.53^c	0.05	<0.001
Acetic acid	32.23^c	32.16^c	30.43^d	32.20^c	33.64^a	32.52^c	30.43^d	32.28^c	33.10^b	32.41^c	0.18	<0.001
Propionic acid	1.52^d	1.53^d	1.48^d	1.48^d	2.65^a	1.72^c	1.51^d	1.52^d	2.23^b	1.67^c	0.07	<0.001
Isobutyric acid	0.92^d	0.93^d	0.92^d	0.94^d	1.96^a	1.10^c	0.92^d	0.92^d	1.565^b	1.07^c	0.06	<0.001

Means in a row with different superscripts are significantly different (p < 0.05).

¹NC, non-injected group; PC, sterile distilled water; BS1, Bacillus subtilis 4 × 10⁵/egg; BS2 = Bacillus subtilis 4 × 10⁶/egg; R1 = Raffinose 2 mg/egg; R2 = Raffinose 3 mg/egg; BS1R1 = (Bacillus subtilis 4 × 10⁵ + Raffinose 2 mg)/egg; BS1R2 = (Bacillus subtilis 4 × 10⁵ + Raffinose 3 mg)/egg; BS2R1 = (Bacillus subtilis 4 × 10⁶ + Raffinose 2 mg)/egg; BS2R2 = (Bacillus subtilis 4 × 10⁶ + Raffinose 3 mg)/egg. SEM, standard error of means.