. 2022 May 31;9:903847. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.903847

TABLE 5.

Effect of in ovo inclusion of Bacillus subtilis, raffinose, and their synbiotics on cecal microbial population of 21-day-old broilers.

Item (log¹⁰CFU/g)	Treatment groups¹										SEM	P-value
	NC	PC	BS1	BS2	R1	R2	BS1R1	BS1R2	BS2R1	BS2R2
Total bacterial count	10.19^a	10.08^b	9.65^e	9.55^f	9.92^c	9.76^d	9.49^fg	9.56^ef	9.29^h	9.42^g	0.05	< 0.001
Total yeasts and molds count	5.07	4.93	4.31	4.15	4.39	4.33	4.65	4.83	4.42	4.52	0.16	0.137
Lactic acid bacteria	5.37^de	5.26^e	6.01^c	6.75^a	5.38^de	5.61^d	6.33^b	6.24^bc	6.52^ab	6.46^ab	0.10	< 0.001
B.subtills	5.75^d	5.66^d	7.82^a	7.86^a	5.92^d	5.87^d	7.51^ab	7.10^bc	7.71^a	6.95^c	0.17	< 0.001
Total coliform	6.94^a	6.89^b	6.53^g	6.38^h	6.62^fg	6.56^g	6.71^d	6.78^c	6.59^gh	6.65^e	0.03	< 0.001
E.coli	5.63^a	5.57^a	4.67^g	4.47^h	5.06^e	4.86^f	5.35^c	5.45^b	5.16^d	5.22^d	0.07	< 0.001
Enterococcus spp.	6.19^a	5.95^b	4.92^h	4.81ⁱ	5.22^g	5.35^f	5.75^d	5.85^c	5.46^e	5.69^d	0.08	< 0.001

Means in a row with different superscripts are significantly different (p < 0.05).

¹NC, non-injected group; PC, sterile distilled water; BS1 = Bacillus subtilis 4 × 10⁵/egg; BS2 = Bacillus subtilis 4 × 10⁶/egg; R1 = Raffinose 2 mg/egg; R2 = Raffinose 3 mg/egg; BS1R1 = (Bacillus subtilis 4 × 10⁵ + Raffinose 2 mg)/egg; BS1R2 = (Bacillus subtilis 4 × 10⁵ + Raffinose 3 mg)/egg; BS2R1 = (Bacillus subtilis 4 × 10⁶ + Raffinose 2 mg)/egg; BS2R2 = (Bacillus subtilis 4 × 10⁶ + Raffinose 3 mg)/egg. SEM, standard error of means.