Table 1.

Association of BCG vaccination with infant mortality (from 0 to 365 days), overall and stratified by infant sex.

		BCG Vaccinated		Not BCG Vaccinated		Unadjusted HR (95% CI) for Mortalitya	Adjusted HR (95% CI) for Mortalityb
		Number of deaths	Number of infant months at risk	Number of deaths	Number of infant months at risk
Ghana
Full population		382	249,104	96	16,643	0.38 (0.29, 0.51)	0.51 (0.38, 0.68)
Population by sex	Female Infants	189	123,070	44	8,059	0.40 (0.27, 0.59)	0.52 (0.35, 0.79)
	Male Infants	193	126,034	52	8,584	0.37 (0.25, 0.55)	0.48 (0.32, 0.73)
Tanzania
Full population		573	341,332	203	11,189	0.08 (0.07, 0.10)	0.08 (0.07, 0.10)
Population by sex	Female Infants	257	162,595	83	5,348	0.09 (0.07, 0.13)	0.10 (0.07, 0.13)
	Male Infants	316	178,701	120	5,841	0.08 (0.06, 0.10)	0.08 (0.06, 0.10)

^aAll analyses were conducted using Cox proportional hazard models allowing for time-varying vaccination status.

^bAdjusted models controlled for continuous birthweight (with spline knots at 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3.5 kg), head of household (mother, father, grandmother, grandfather, other), household religion (Christian, Muslim, None, Traditional African), maternal age (<20, 20–24, 25–29, 30–34, 35–39, ≥40), maternal education (None, Primary, Secondary for Tanzania, and additionally Post-secondary for Ghana), multiple or singleton birth, number of living children in household (0, 1, 2, 3 + ), number of children in household who have died (0, 1, 2, 3 + ), place of birth (Home, Facility, Other), site ID (1–4 for Ghana and 1–2 for Tanzania), wealth quintile, delivery type (vaginal or caesarean), and maternal megadose of vitamin A.