Table 2.

Association of DTP vaccination with infant mortality (from 30 to 365 days), overall and stratified by infant sex.

		DTP Vaccinated		Not DTP Vaccinated		Unadjusted HR (95% CI) for Mortalitya	Adjusted HR (95% CI) for Mortalityb
		Number of deaths	Number of infant months at risk	Number of deaths	Number of infant months at risk
Ghana
Full population		298	219,008	69	24,860	0.34 (0.23, 0.52)	0.39 (0.26, 0.59)
Population by sex	Female Infants	149	108,115	32	12,122	0.51 (0.27, 0.95)	0.59 (0.32, 1.10)
	Male Infants	149	110,894	37	12,738	0.25 (0.15, 0.42)	0.28 (0.16, 0.47)
Tanzania
Full population		402	282,709	234	34,066	0.19 (0.16, 0.22)	0.19 (0.16, 0.22)
Population by sex	Female Infants	186	134,448	99	16,270	0.21 (0.16, 0.27)	0.22 (0.16, 0.28)
	Male Infants	216	148,229	135	17,783	0.17 (0.14, 0.22)	0.17 (0.13, 0.21)

^aAll analyses were conducted using Cox proportional hazard models allowing for time-varying vaccination status.

^bAdjusted models controlled for continuous birthweight (with spline knots at 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3.5 kg), head of household (mother, father, grandmother, grandfather, other), household religion (Christian, Muslim, None, Traditional African), maternal age (<20, 20–24, 25–29, 30–34, 35–39, ≥40), maternal education (None, Primary, Secondary for Tanzania, and additionally Post-secondary for Ghana), multiple or singleton birth, number of living children in household (0, 1, 2, 3 + ), number of children in household who have died (0, 1, 2, 3 + ), place of birth (Home, Facility, Other), site ID (1–4 for Ghana and 1–2 for Tanzania), wealth quintile, delivery type (vaginal or caesarean), and maternal megadose of vitamin A.