Table 2.

mRNA-LNP delivery in infectious disease

LNP components	mRNA	Infection	Pharmacological effects and feedback	Refs.
Ionizable lipid: DSPC: cholesterol: PEG-lipid	mRNA encoding prM-E genes	Zika virus infection	High neutralizing antibody titers which conferred sterilizing immunity	[11]
Ionizable cationic lipid/phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol/PEG-lipid	mRNAs encoding the broadly neutralizing anti-HIV-1 antibody VRC01	HIV-1 infection	Increase in VRC01 antibody concentrations in the mice plasma 24 h after IV injection No increase in pro-inflammatory cytokine and type I IFN production	[192]
Ionizable cationic lipid (proprietary to Acuitas Therapeutics)/phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol/PEG-lipid	mRNAs encoding HIV-1 envelope, ZIKV prM-E, and influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA)	HIV, influenza, Zika viruses	Induction of high levels of Tfh cells and germinal center (GC) B cells Induction of potent antigen-specific CD4+ T cell responses and neutralizing antibody responses in nonhuman primates and mice	[196]
Ionizable lipid: DSPC: cholesterol: PEG-lipid	RSV F-expressing mRNAs	RSV infection	Induction of potent neutralizing antibody responses in both cotton rats and mice Induction of strong CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses in mice	[197]
Ionizable cationic lipid (proprietary to Acuitas Therapeutics)/phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol/PEG-lipid	mRNA encoding envelope or HIV-1 Env gp160	HIV-1 infection	Induction of durable antibody responses	[198]
Ionizable cationic lipid (proprietary to Acuitas Therapeutics)/phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol/PEG-lipid	mRNA encoding the clade C transmitted/founder 1086C HIV-1 Env	HIV infection	Induction of high levels of gp120-specific antibodies in rhesus macaques and rabbits	[199]
Ionizable lipid: structural lipid: sterol: PEG-lipid	mRNA encoding the POWV prM and E genes	Powassan virus (POWV), an emerging tick-borne flavivirus	Induction of high levels of neutralizing antibodies and sterilizing immunity	[200]