Table 2.
Two-level logistic regression and two-level linear regression estimated associations with three outcomes of smoking burden in the 27 EU countries and the UK, Eurobarometer 2017
| Variables | Prevalence of current smoking | Pack-years | Discounted pack-years |
|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI)a | β coefficient (95% CI)b | ||
| Gender | |||
| Male (Ref.) | 1 | ||
| Female | 0.57 (0.53–0.60) | -7.5 (-7.9 – -7.2) | -4.1 (-4.4 – -3.8) |
| Age (years) | |||
| 15–24 (Ref.) | 1 | ||
| 25–34 | 1.00 (0.86–1.16) | 3.1 (2.1–4.2) | 3.0 (2.1–3.8) |
| 35–44 | 0.87 (0.74–1.01) | 6.1 (5.0–7.2) | 6.3 (5.0–7.6) |
| 45–54 | 0.86 (0.74–1.01) | 9.7 (8.7–10.8) | 8.1 (7.2–9.0) |
| 55–64 | 0.63 (0.54–0.74) | 12.4 (11.3–13.5) | 8.7 (7.8–9.6) |
| 65–74 | 0.31 (0.26–0.38) | 9.2 (8.0–10.5) | 4.7 (3.7–5.7) |
| ≥75 | 0.13 (0.11–0.17) | 6.3 (5.0–7.6) | 0.9 (-0.1–2.0) |
| Education (age at completion) | |||
| ≤15 years (Ref.) | 1 | ||
| 16–19 years | 1.01 (0.92–1.12) | -1.2 (-1.8 – -0.6) | -0.6 (-1.1 – -0.1) |
| ≥20 years | 0.61 (0.54–0.67) | -3.7 (-4.4 – -3.1) | -2.8 (-3.4 – -2.3) |
| Still studying | 0.40 (0.32–0.49) | -5.9 (-7.3 – -4.4) | -3.6 (-4.8 – -2.5) |
| Difficulty paying bills | |||
| Most of the time (Ref.) | 1 | ||
| From time to time | 0.76 (0.68–0.84) | -1.9 (-2.7 – -1.2) | -2.1 (-2.7 – -1.5) |
| Almost never/never | 0.52 (0.47–0.57) | -3.8 (-4.5 – -3.0) | -3.9 (-4.5 – -3.4) |
| Area of residence | |||
| Rural (Ref.) | 1 | ||
| Small town | 1.06 (0.99–1.14) | 0.0 (-0.4–0.5) | 0.2 (-0.2–0.6) |
| Large town | 1.11 (1.03–1.20) | 0.5 (0.0–1.0) | 0.6 (0.2–1.0) |
| Occupation | |||
| Employed (Ref.) | 1 | ||
| Unemployed | 1.38 (1.24–1.54) | 2.3 (1.5–3.1) | 2.1 (1.5–2.8) |
| Not working | 1.00 (0.90–1.11) | 2.7 (2.0–3.3) | 1.2 (0.6–1.7) |
| Marital status | |||
| Single households without children (Ref.) | 1 | ||
| Single households with children | 1.22 (1.08–1.39) | 0.4 (-0.5–1.3) | 0.0 (-0.7–0.7) |
| Multiple households without children | 0.78 (0.72–0.84) | -0.9 (-1.4 – -0.4) | -1.6 (-2.0 – -1.2) |
| Multiple households with children | 0.67 (0.62–0.73) | -1.3 (-1.9 – -0.8) | -2.0 (-2.5 – -1.6) |
| TCS score | |||
| Low (Ref.) | 1 | ||
| Moderate | 0.94 (0.76–1.17) | -0.5 (-2.2–1.2) | -0.5 (-1.5–0.6) |
| High | 0.69 (0.54–0.87) | -0.5 (-2.4–1.5) | -1.2 (-2.3–0.0) |
TCS: tobacco control scale.
a
Two-level logistic regression adjusted for all variables included in the table.
b
Two-level linear regression adjusted for all variables included in the table.