TABLE 2.

Demographic characteristics and outcome scores at baseline (preimplantation) and at the follow‐up assessment by subgroup according to time since implantation

	Time since implantation		P‐value
	≤24 months a (n = 64)	≥36 months b (n = 68)
Baseline
Age, years	59.0	55.0	.011
Male/female, n (%)	49 (76.6)/15 (23.4)	58 (85.3)/10 (14.7)	.201
BMI, kg/m2	29.0	29.0	.061
ESS	14.0	14.0	.893
FOSQ	13.6	13.4	.528
AHI, events/h	27.6	26.0	.908
ODI, events/h	15.5	15.5	.816
Follow‐up assessment
BMI, kg/m2	28.0	29.9	.153
Depression, n (%)	15 (23.4)	30 (44.1)	.014
Medication for depression/anxiety, n (%)	9 (14.1)	15 (22.1)	.251
ESS c	8.0	7.0	.041
ΔESS e	5.0	5.5	.080
FOSQ d	16.9	18.1	.098
ΔFOSQ e	3.1	4.4	.199
ISI f	10.0	7.0	.084
AHI, events/h	12.3	15.7	.043
ΔAHI e	16.5	12.7	.049
ODI, events/h	6.8	11.0	.086
ΔODI e	7.5	5.0	.108
HNS usage, h/night	6.1	5.8	.703
Start delay, min	30.0	30.0	.307
Overall satisfaction, n (%)	48 (75.0)	63 (92.6)	.031

Note: Data are presented as medians unless indicated otherwise. Delta values have been calculated case by case. Therefore, median delta values are not reflected as the difference between median baseline and median follow‐up values. P values for comparison between subgroups are given bold if below .05.

Abbreviations: AHI, Apnea Hypopnea Index; BMI, body mass index; ESS, Epworth Sleepiness Scale; FOSQ, Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire; HNS, hypoglossal nerve stimulation with respiratory sensing; ISI, Insomnia Severity Index; ODI, Oxygen Desaturation Index.

^a Follow‐up assessment at 6, 12, or 24 months postimplantation.

^b Follow‐up assessment at 36, 48, 60, 72, or 96 months postimplantation.

^c ESS scores range from 0.0 to 24.0; higher scores indicate more daytime sleepiness.

^d FOSQ scores range from 5.0 to 20.0; higher scores indicate better sleep‐related quality of life.

^e Change from baseline.

^f ISI score ranges from 0 to 28; higher score indicates more severe insomnia.