Table 1.
Characteristics of study population
| Overall n = 5,656 |
DII Q1 (< −1.95) n = 1414 |
DII Q2 (−1.95 ~ −1.31) n = 1414 |
DII Q3 (−1.31 ~ −0.79) n = 1414 |
DII Q4 (> = −0.79) n = 1414 |
p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DII score | −1.46 (0.02) | −2.63 (0.02) | −1.61 (0.01) | −1.05 (0.00) | −0.51 (0.01) | < 0.001a |
| MetS | 394 (6.83%) | 82 (23.39%) | 94 (25.40%) | 102 (22.48%) | 116 (28.73%) | 0.301b |
| MetS components | ||||||
| High WC | 1330 (22.87%) | 259 (19.65%) | 304 (23.69%) | 386 (29.96%) | 381 (26.70%) | < 0.001 b |
| Low HDL-c | 1308 (24.57%) | 265 (21.63%) | 314 (24.15%) | 325 (24.17%) | 404 (30.04%) | 0.004 b |
| High TG | 565 (10.61%) | 151 (26.24%) | 144 (25.70%) | 134 (22.77%) | 136 (25.30%) | 0.814b |
| High FPG | 943 (17.86%) | 233 (25.80%) | 241 (26.58%) | 236 (22.26%) | 233 (25.35%) | 0.440b |
| High BP (mmHg) | 331 (4.95%) | 71 (22.08%) | 95 (28.87%) | 94 (27.87%) | 71 (21.18%) | 0.427b |
| Demography | ||||||
| Age (years) | 15.49 (0.05) | 15.73 (0.09) | 15.63 (0.09) | 15.35 (0.08) | 15.24 (0.09) | < 0.001a |
| Sex | < 0.001 b | |||||
| Male | 2937 (51.77%) | 913 (32.59%) | 753 (25.27%) | 681 (22.20%) | 590 (19.94%) | |
| Female | 2712 (48.23%) | 501 (17.71%) | 659 (25.75%) | 732 (27.69%) | 820 (28.86%) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.78 (0.11) | 23.28 (0.19) | 23.73 (0.19) | 23.92 (0.20) | 24.23 (0.18) | < 0.001a |
| Race | < 0.001 b | |||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 1599 (58.97%) | 407 (25.18%) | 394 (25.44%) | 398 (24.91%) | 400 (24.47%) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1648 (14.07%) | 328 (20.12%) | 399 (24.91%) | 443 (26.09%) | 478 (28.88%) | |
| Mexican American | 1517 (13.33%) | 418 (28.88%) | 415 (27.77%) | 351 (23.42%) | 333 (19.93%) | |
| Other | 885 (13.64%) | 261 (28.47%) | 204 (24.15%) | 221 (24.70%) | 199 (22.68%) | |
| Family income level | 0.004 b | |||||
| Not poor | 3595 (77.62%) | 913 (25.37%) | 924 (26.54%) | 888 (24.50%) | 870 (23.60%) | |
| Poor | 1649 (22.38%) | 392 (26.16%) | 386 (21.66%) | 429 (25.83%) | 442 (26.35%) | |
| Lifestyle | ||||||
| Energy intake (kcal) | 2178.13 (19.72) | 3162.66 (46.45) | 2246.48 (26.47) | 1875.18 (18.46) | 1384.64 (19.82) | < 0.001 a |
| Smoke exposure | < 0.001b | |||||
| Not exposed | 2577 (48.57%) | 719 (28.56%) | 699 (27.72%) | 639 (25.41%) | 520 (18.30%) | |
| Secondhand smoke exposed | 2136 (33.85%) | 441 (21.65%) | 488 (23.16%) | 548 (24.15%) | 659 (31.03%) | |
| Active smoker | 936 (17.58%) | 254 (23.94%) | 225 (23.86%) | 226 (24.64%) | 231 (27.56%) | |
| Sedentary time (hours) | 0.071b | |||||
| < 3 | 1708 (39.01%) | 417 (25.18%) | 397 (24.52%) | 418 (23.80%) | 476 (26.50%) | |
| 3–6 | 2257 (47.88%) | 549 (24.14%) | 604 (27.12%) | 578 (27.10%) | 526 (21.64%) | |
| > 6 | 550 (13.11%) | 140 (24.63%) | 127 (21.13%) | 136 (24.26%) | 147 (29.98%) | |
| Physical activity (MET-min/week) | 3263.04 (73.84) | 3691.73 (118.65) | 3283.25 (133.91) | 3062.45 (124.70) | 2981.17 (150.30) | < 0.001 a |
| Physical activity, categoriesc | < 0.044 b | |||||
| Not ideal | 3547 (62.71%) | 823 (23.24%) | 897 (25.96%) | 900 (25.96%) | 927 (24.84%) | |
| Ideal | 2109 (37.29) | 591 (27.61%) | 517 (25.06%) | 514 (23.67%) | 487 (23.66%) | |
Unweighted counts (weighted %) are presented for categorical variables and mean (SE) were presented for continuous data
Significant variables are shown in bold
DII, dietary inflammatory index; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; MetS, metabolic syndrome; WC, waist circumference; HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; BP, blood pressure; MET, Metabolic Equivalent of Task; Q, quartile
aUsing proc surveyreg procedure
bWald chi-square test
cIdeal physical activity: ≥ 180 MET-min/day (i.e., 60 min/day moderate-to-vigorous physical activity); not ideal physical activity: < 180 MET-min/day