Table 1.
Characteristics of reviewed studies.
| References | Sample size | Country | Workplace violence (WPV) Prevalence (%) | Results | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physical | Verbal | Total | ||||
| Alameddine et al. (2021) | 265 | Lebanon | - | - | 74.7 | Target group: Nurses |
| The majority of the nurses were female (64.9%), aged 30–45 years (75.8%), and married (68.7%). Mean resilience score of the nurses who had never experienced WPV was higher than those reporting WPV. | ||||||
| Arafa et al. (2021) | 104 | Egypt | 9.6 | 42.6 | - | Target group: Nurses |
| The study was performed on nurses and physicians, and nurses' data were extracted separately. | ||||||
| Byon et al. (2021) | 373 | USA | 44.4 | 67.8 | - | Target group: Nurses |
| Most of the nurses were female (94.4%), aged <40 years (62.7%), and had at least 3 years of nursing experience (85.5%). The nurses who provided care to COVID-19 patients experienced more physical violence (aOR: 2.18; 95% CI: 1.30–3.67) and verbal abuse (aOR: 2.10; 95% CI: 1.22–3.61) than those who did not provide care to these patients. | ||||||
| Khatatbeh et al. (2021) | 225 | Jordan | - | 31.1 | 19.6 | Target group: Nurses |
| Mean age of the nurses was 32.5 years, and the majority were female (94.2%) and married (82.7). Exposure to violence was one of the predictors of quality of life and burnout in the nurses. | ||||||
| Özkan Sat et al. (2021) | 263 | Turkey | 8.4 | 57.8 | - | Target group: Nurses |
| Mean age of the nurses was 31.2 ± 7.1 years, 88.2% were female, and 63.9% had a bachelor's degree. | ||||||
| Bitencourt et al. (2021a) | 180 | Brazil | - | - | 51.1 | Target group: Nurses |
| Single nurses, nursing assistants, those with a history of COVID-19, those who had been in contact with COVID-19 patients, and those who experienced violence before the COVID-19 pandemic were more likely to experience violence than other HCWs. | ||||||
| Ghanbari et al. (2020) | 112 | Iran | 17.8 | 62.5 | - | Target group: Nurses |
| Most of the nurses were female (94%) and married (78%). Mean age and mean work experience of the nurses were 33.11 ± 5.22 and 4.55 ± 5.26 years, respectively. Psychological violence was mostly inflicted by patient companions, and physical violence was mostly inflicted by patients. | ||||||
| Aspera-Campos et al. (2020) | 562 | Mexico | 12.8 | - | 47.7 | Target group: Nurses |
| Nurses were more exposed to violence than other HCWs (P = 0.018). Female gender and being a nurse increased the risk of exposure to WPV 2.5 and 3 times, respectively (rate of mixed violence: 34.9%). | ||||||
| Buran and Altin (2021) | 67 | Turkey | - | 23.9 | - | Target group: Physicians |
| Mean age of the participants was 34.7 ± 9.2 years. Most of the physicians were female (61.2%), married (61.2%), and had children (55.2%). Rate of violence was higher in the emergency department physicians compared to the other departments (P = 0.018). |
||||||
| Ghareeb et al. (2021) | 382 | Jordan | - | 52 | 65.5 |
Target group: Physicians and nurses. Most of the participants were female (57.6%) and aged 35–50 years (47.1%). Prevalence of verbal and mixed violence was 52 and 32%, respectively. The most common verbal violence was shouting (90.5%) and threat of harm (58.6%). |
| Lafta et al. (2021) | 505 | Iraq | - | - | 88.3 | Target group: Physicians |
| Most of the physicians were aged <30 years (44%) and female (61.4%). Violence was mostly perpetrated by patients' families and relatives (72.4%). | ||||||
| Muñoz Del Carpio-Toia et al. (2021) | 200 | Peru | - | - | 84.5 |
Target group: Physicians Mean age of the participants was 37.5 years (rang: 25–47 years). Rate of mixed violence was 84.5%. Female gender (OR: 2.48; 95% CI: 1.06–5.83) and working in the COVID-19 ICU (OR: 5.84; 95% CI: 1.60–21.28) were the most significant risk factors for WPV. |
| Somville et al. (2021) | 196 | Belgium | - | - | 32 | Target group: Physicians |
| More than half of the physicians were aged more than 40 years, and 42% were emergency physicians. | ||||||
| Wang et al., 2020 | 1,063 | China | - | - | 20.4 |
Target group: HCWs HCWs who experienced violence were more likely to have mental disorders than those who did not. |
| Xie et al. (2021) | 10,516 | China | 8.4 | 15.8 | 18.5 | Target group: Mental health professionals |
| A correlation was observed between male gender (OR: 1.42; P < 0.01), care provision to COVID-19 patients (OR: 3.10; P < 0.01), severe anxiety symptoms (OR: 1.12; P < 0.01), and WPV. | ||||||
| Bitencourt et al. (2021b) | 1,166 | USA | - | - | 49.4 | Target group: Physician, nurses, and assistant nurses. |
| Most of the participants were female (75.3%) and aged <40 years (61.66%). | ||||||
| Yang et al. (2021) | 1,028 | China | - | - | 20.4 | Target group: HCWs |
| The majority of the respondents were female (66.6%), highly educated (93.7%; bachelor's degree or above), and married (72.1%). WPV was an independent predictor of stress. | ||||||