Table 1.
Demographic Characteristics and Risk Factors for Inpatients with Acute Gastroenteritis (AGE), Inpatient Controls, and Outpatients With AGE, July 2016 to June 2018
| Characteristic or Factor | Inpatients With AGE, No. (%)a (n = 724) | Inpatient Controls, No. (%)a (n = 394) | P Valueb | Outpatients With AGE, No. (%)a (n = 506) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Age, median (range; IQR), y | 64 (25–96; 55–70) | 63 (23–94; 56–69) | .48 | 58 (23–95; 44–68) |
| Male sex | 673 (93.0) | 366 (92.9) | .97 | 454 (89.7) |
| Race | ||||
| White | 343 (49.0) | 182 (48.4) | <.001 | 253 (50) |
| Black | 329 (470) | 169 (45.0) | 209 (41.3) | |
| Asian | 0 (0) | 9 (2.4) | 5 (1) | |
| Otherc | 28 (4.0) | 16 (4.3) | 14 (2.8) | |
| Hispanic ethnicity | 102 (14.1) | 43 (11.1) | .15 | 83 (16.7) |
| Study site | ||||
| Atlanta, GA | 130 (18) | 100 (25.4) | <.001 | 130 (25.7) |
| Bronx, NY | 65 (9) | 46 (11.7) | 50 (9.9) | |
| Houston, TX | 375 (51.8) | 98 (24.9) | 184 (36.4) | |
| Los Angeles, CA | 154 (21.3) | 150 (38.1) | 142 (28.1) | |
| Usual source of primary care | NA | |||
| VA primary care clinic | 619 (86.1) | 355 (91.7) | .006 | ... |
| Non-VA source of cared | 100 (13.9) | 32 (8.3) | ... | |
| Residence in 2 wk before admission | NA | |||
| Private residence (apartment/house) | 270 (82.6) | 179 (877) | .23 | ... |
| Long-term care/skilled nursing facility | 11 (3.4) | 5 (2.5) | ... | |
| Hotel | 2 (0.6) | 1 (0.5) | ... | |
| Anywhere outside (eg, street, vehicle, abandoned building) | 4 (1.2) | 2 (1) | ... | |
| Homeless shelter/emergency or temporary housing | 3 (0.9) | 4 (2) | ... | |
| Other | 13 (4) | 1 (0.5) | ... | |
| Multiple residences | 24 (73) | 12 (5.9) | ... | |
| Medical conditionse | NA | |||
| HIV | 56 (8.4) | 5 (2.4) | .003 | ... |
| Cancer | 87 (13) | 26 (12.6) | .87 | ... |
| Transplant | 19 (2.8) | 0 (0) | .01 | ... |
| Immunosuppressive therapy | 23 (3.4) | 4 (1.9) | .28 | ... |
| Severe renal disease | 60 (18.1) | 10 (4.9) | <.001 | ... |
| Other AGE risk factors | NA | |||
| Prior hospitalization within 30 d | 33 (10) | 16 (79) | .44 | ... |
| Recent travel history | 6 (0.8) | 2 (0.5) | .72 | ... |
| Antibiotic use in 2 wk before illness onset | 91 (13.2) | 46 (11.9) | .55 | ... |
| Animal contact | 248 (34.3) | 162 (41.2) | .02 | ... |
| Household contact with AGE case patient | 37 (5.2) | 9 (2.3) | .02 | ... |
Abbreviations: AGE, acute gastroenteritis; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; IQR, interquartile range; NA, not applicable; VA, Veterans Affairs.
Data represent no. (%) of patients and controls unless otherwise specified. Some data were missing for race, ethnicity, residence before admission, previous hospitalization, prior antibiotic use, and household contact, representing <5% for each variable.
P values based on χ2, Fisher exact, or Wilcoxon rank-sum tests used to compare inpatients with AGE and controls.
“Other” includes American Indian/Alaskan Native, Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, multiple races, or other race.
Non-VA sources of care included a physician’s office, non-VA emergency room, urgent care center, or other non-VA site.
Data were available for HIV/AIDS, cancer, transplants, and immunosuppressive therapy for case patients (n = 667) from October 2016 to June 2018 and for controls (n = 206) from October 2017 to June 2018. Sensitivity analysis of data from only October 2017 to June 2018 resulted in similar proportions and levels of significance. For severe renal disease (severe kidney disease or kidney failure (stage 4 [glomerular filtration rate 15–29] or 5 [glomerular filtration rate <15, or requirement for dialysis]) and prior hospitalization within 30 days, data were available for case patients (n = 331) and controls (n = 206) from October 2017 to June 2018.