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. 2022 May 30;9:894160. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.894160

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Copyright © 2022 Mao, Liu, Ma, Jin, Li and Yang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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A 3-dimensional printed model was used to simulate the procedure in the bench test (e.g., data for patient 5). (A–C) 3-Dimensional printed model from the plane of the ascending aorta, the left atrium, and the right atrium, respectively. (D–F) An atrial septal puncture was simulated: The catheter went through the atrial septum and released the balloon-expandable valve successfully (the yellow arrows point to the puncture point). (G) The Vernier caliper was used to measure the inner diameter of the biological annulus. The result (24.14 mm) was equal to the result from the assessment made using computed tomography angiography. (H,I) Released valve from the plane of the left ventricular outflow tract and the left atrium.