Table 3.
Summary risk estimates for the associations between egg and cholesterol intake and risk of cancer mortality in adults aged ≥18 yearsa.
| #RRb | Pooled RR (95% CI)c | I2 (%)d | P-heterogeneitye | P-meta-regression | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The highest vs. lowest comparison | |||||
| Egg intake | |||||
| Overall | 15 | 1.23 (1.05–1.45) | 95 | <0.001 | |
| Subgroup analysis | |||||
| Study location | |||||
| US | 5 | 1.14 (1.05–1.23) | 46.8 | 0.11 | 0.01 |
| Non-US | 9 | 1.31 (0.94–1.84) | 96.4 | <0.001 | |
| Gender | |||||
| Both | 11 | 1.25 (1.00–1.58) | 96.5 | <0.001 | 0.39 |
| Male | 2 | 1.09 (0.91–1.31) | 22.4 | 0.25 | |
| Female | 2 | 2.17 (0.50–9.50) | 89.7 | 0.002 | |
| Follow-up duration | |||||
| ≥15 years | 8 | 1.14 (1.06–1.23) | 51.3 | 0.04 | 0.06 |
| <15 years | 7 | 1.28 (0.84–1.95) | 97 | <0.001 | |
| Dietary assessment tools | |||||
| FFQ or DHQ | 15 | 1.24 (1.05–1.46) | 95.3 | <0.001 | – |
| Food recall or record | 0 | – | – | ||
| Adjustment for energy | |||||
| Yes | 8 | 1.06 (0.98–1.15) | 71.1 | 0.001 | 0.01 |
| No | 7 | 1.55 (1.08–2.22) | 94.1 | <0.001 | |
| Adjustment for BMI | |||||
| Yes | 11 | 1.23 (1.01–1.51) | 96.9 | <0.001 | 0.67 |
| No | 4 | 1.33 (0.95–1.87) | 51.9 | 0.10 | |
| Adjustment for lipid-lowering medication | |||||
| Yes | 2 | 1.89 (0.32–1.22) | 0.92.6 | <0.001 | 0.84 |
| No | 13 | 1.24 (1.04–1.47) | 95.7 | <0.001 | |
| Dietary cholesterol intake | |||||
| Overall | 3 | 1.13 (1.01–1.25) | 69.7 | 0.04 | |
| Linear dose-response association | |||||
| Egg intake (per 1 egg/d increase) | |||||
| Overall | 17 | 1.13 (1.06–1.20) | 54.2 | 0.004 | |
| Subgroup analysis | |||||
| Study location | |||||
| US | 5 | 1.14 (1.07–1.21) | 45.7 | 0.11 | 0.89 |
| Non-US | 11 | 1.11 (0.98–1.26) | 62.5 | 0.003 | |
| Others | 1 | 1.20 (0.99–1.46) | – | – | |
| Gender | |||||
| Both | 12 | 1.11 (1.02–1.20) | 47 | 0.03 | 0.85 |
| Male | 2 | 1.09 (0.87–1.37) | 44.4 | 0.18 | |
| Female | 3 | 1.22 (0.81–1.85) | 83.5 | 0.002 | |
| Follow-up duration | |||||
| ≥15 years | 9 | 1.14 (1.06–1.22) | 58 | 0.01 | 0.48 |
| <15 years | 8 | 1.10 (0.92–1.32) | 55.6 | 0.02 | |
| Dietary assessment tools | |||||
| FFQ or DHQ | 17 | 1.13 (1.06–1.20) | 54.2 | 0.004 | – |
| Food recall or record | 0 | – | – | – | |
| Adjustment for energy | |||||
| Yes | 7 | 1.12 (1.06–1.17) | 33.5 | 0.17 | 0.38 |
| No | 10 | 1.20 (1.00–1.42) | 63.9 | 0.003 | |
| Adjustment for BMI | |||||
| Yes | 13 | 1.12 (1.05–1.20) | 56.5 | 0.006 | 0.64 |
| No | 4 | 1.24 (0.92–1.66) | 59 | 0.06 | |
| Adjustment for lipid-lowering medication | |||||
| Yes | 2 | 1.19 (0.51–2.71) | 91.8 | <0.001 | 0.46 |
| No | 15 | 1.12 (1.06–1.18) | 32.3 | 0.11 | |
| Dietary cholesterol intake (per 100 mg/d increase) | |||||
| Overall | 3 | 1.06 (1.05–1.07) | 0 | 0.95 |
a
BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; RR, relative risk; DHQ, dietary history questionnaire; FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; US, United States.
b
Number of risk estimates.
c
Obtained from the random-effects model.
d
Inconsistency, the percentage of variation across studies due to heterogeneity.
e
Obtained from the Q-test.