TABLE 1.

Brain dysfunction in patients with sepsis.

Model	Region	Acute or chronic phase	Characteristics	Symptoms	References
Human (sepsis)	White matter	Acute phase	MRI revealed leukoencephalopathy and ischemic stroke. There was an association between imaging findings and DIC and mortality.		Polito et al., 2013
Human (sepsis)	Cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cerebral white matter	Acute phase	MRI revealed decreased volume compared to healthy controls.		Orhun et al., 2020
Human (sepsis)	Frontal lobe, hippocampus	Chronic phase (after 3 and 12 months)	Hippocampal volume at discharge with long delirium decreased on MRI evaluation; volume of superior frontal lobe decreased after 3 months.	Decreased executive function was associated with a decrease in the superior frontal lobe volume.	Gunther et al., 2012
Human (sepsis)	White matter	Chronic phase	White matter disruption on MRI evaluation was associated with longer delirium period.	Dementia after 12 months was associated with white matter disruption.	Morandi et al., 2012
Human (sepsis)	Frontal junctional cortex, lenticular nuclei, dentate nucleus, medullary olive	Acute phase	Pathological evaluation showed ischemic damage, which was a likely sign of apoptosis of neurons.		Sharshar et al., 2003
Human (sepsis, pneumonia)	Medial temporal lobe, cortical region	Chronic phase (after 12–18 months)		Pattern and spatial recognition memory impairment. Dysfunction of parahippocampal complex.	Andonegui et al., 2018

MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; DIC, disseminated intravascular coagulation.