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. 2022 May 30;13:864798. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.864798

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Copyright © 2022 Paidas, Sampath, Schindler, Cosio, Ndubizu, Shamaladevi, Kwal, Rodriguez, Ahmad, Kenyon and Jayakumar.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Oxidative stress post-MHV-1 infection in mice. (A) Representative immunofluorescence images from four individual animals show an increase in levels of 4-hydroxynonenol (4-HNE) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in lung, liver, kidney, brain and heart. Treatment of MHV-1 inoculated mice with SPK (5 mg/kg) prevented such an increase. (B,C) Quantitation of 4-HNE and MDA levels with and without SPK post-MHV-1 infection. ANOVA, n = 4. *p < 0.05 versus control; †p < 0.05 verses MHV-1 infected mice. Scale bar = 25 μm. Error bars represent mean ± SEM.