FIGURE 12.

Effect of SPIKENET (SPK) on hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)-induced oxidative stress (protein carbonyl formation) (12 h) (A), and LPS-induced LDH release (36 h) (B) in primary cultures of rat brain microglia, as well as H₂O₂-induced increase in cell volume (24 h) in primary cultures of rat brain astrocytes (C). SPK significantly diminished these effects in glial cells (30 min post-treatment). Exposure of primary microglia to LPS (24 h) showed an increase in DCF fluorescence (D), as well as an increase in IL-6 level (E) in cell culture medium, and such increase was diminished and blocked by treatment of cells (30 min post-treatment) with SPIKENET. C, control; LPS, lipopolysaccharide. *p < 0.05 vs. control. †p < 0.05 vs. LPS. C, control; AIU, arbitrary intensity units; LPS, lipopolysaccharide. Error bars represent mean ± SEM.