Table 2.

Clinical trials evaluating the potential applications of ctDNA in lung cancer screening

Identifier	Methods	Initiator	Study type	Estimated enrollment, n	Observational model	Time perspective	Status/results
NCT04814407	ctDNA methylation EMS-ddPCR scLSM-FACS	Taiwan University Hospital	Observational	900	Cohort	Prospective	Recruiting; estimated study completion date is December 31, 2027
NCT04712877	Genetic mutations NGS	Lung Cancer Research Foundation	Observational	1,000	Cohort	Prospective	Not yet recruiting; estimated study completion date is November 1, 2023
NCT03651986	ctDNA methylation NGS	AnchorDx Medical Co., Ltd.	Observational	10,560	Cohort	Prospective	Recruiting; estimated study completion date is June 2023
NCT04253509	ctDNA methylation sequencing	Samsung Medical Center	Observational	280	Cohort	Prospective	Recruiting; estimated study completion date is February 2022
NCT03685669	ctDNA methylation biomarkers	Shanghai Chest Hospital	Observational	300	Cohort	Cross-Sectional	Recruiting; estimated study completion date is December 2019
NCT04698681	Genetic mutations NGS	Calithera Biosciences. Inc	Interventional Clinical Trial	200	Single group assignment	Prospective	Active, not recruiting; estimated study completion date is May 2022
NCT03181490	ctDNA methylation, high-throughput bisulfite DNA sequencing, NGS	The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University	Observational	1,490	Cohort	Cross-Sectional	Completed; detected early-stage lung cancer and differentiated lung cancers from benign pulmonary nodules
NCT02612350	ctDNA genetic mutations	Pathway Genomics	Observational	1,106	Cohort	Prospective	Completed; provided a new way to investigate screening utility

ctDNA, circulating tumor DNA; EMS-ddPCR, enriched methylation-specific droplet digital PCR; scLSM-FACS, single-cell, locus-specific methylation detection.