TABLE 4.

Potential natural products for the treatment of PSD by other mechanisms.

Studied Drugs	Mechanisms	Description of Study along with Doses	Studied Species	Behavioral Tests	Animal Models	References
Harmane, norharmane and harmine	Inverse-agonistic mechanism located in the benzodiazepine receptors	Treatment of animals with harmane, norharmane and harmine reduced dose-dependently the time of immobility	Male swiss-webst	FST	Acute stress model	Farzin et al., 2006 (Farzin and Mansouri, 2006)
Sanguinarine	A decrease in expression of Mkp-1 and increase in ERK activation	A single bilateral intra--the ventrolateral orbital cortex (VLO) infusion of Sanguinarine significantly reduced immobility time in the FST in dose-dependent fashion	Male sprague-da	FST	Acute stress model	Chen et al., 2012 (Chen et al., 2012)
β-caryophyllene---β	Action on cannabinoid receptor subtype 2	Mitigates the stress-related changes in the hippo-campus region	Male swiss mice	TST and FST	Acute stress model	Hwang et al., 2020 (Hwang et al., 2020)
Salvinorin A	Mediated by both k-opioid and endocannabinoid systems	Salvinorin A exhibited both anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects	Adult male sprague-dawley rats and swiss mice	TST and FST	Acute stress model	Braida et al., 2009 (Braida et al., 2009)
Glycyrrhizin	Blocking the activities of HMGB1	Reduce immobility time of mice in FST and TST model	BABL/c mice	FST and TST	CUMS model	Wang et al., 2018 (Wang et al., 2018)
Guarana	Nuclear	Guarana significantly reduced the duration of immobility in the FST suggesting an antidepressant-like effect in mice	Mice	FST	Acute stress model	Campos et al., 2005 (Campos et al., 2005)
Hydro-ethanolic of extract Aloysia polystachya (CEAp)	Unclear	A single dose of hydro-ethanolic of extract Aloysia polystachya (CEAp) provoked a significant reduction of the immobility time of male mice in the FST	Swiss albino male	FST	Acute stress model	Lbarrola et al., 2008 (Hellión-Ibarrola et al., 2008)
Lafoensia pacari A. St.-Hil. (Lythraceae)	Unclear	The daily treatment for 21 days with ethanolic extract of Lafoensia pacari (PEtExt) increased the latency to immobility and decreased the immobility time, PEtExt 0.1 only decrease the immobility time	Male swiss mice	FST, TST, and OFT	Acute stress model	Galdino et al., 2009 (Galdino et al., 2009)
Aqueous root extract of Securidaca longepedunculata (polygalaceae)	With possible involvement of opioidergic pathways	The extract also produced a significant (p < 0.05) naloxone reversible antidepressant like effect in the FST	Swiss albino mice	FST	Acute stress model	Adebiyi et al., 2006 (Adebiyi et al., 2006)
D-004	Unclear	D-004 administered orally for 30 days reduced the immobility in the FST and the TST in mice, and had no effect on other behavioural tests in mice	Adult swiss OF1	FST and TST	Acute stress model	Garbajal et al., 2009 (Carbajal et al., 2009)
Asiaticoside	Unclear	Asiaticoside significantly decreased immobility time in FST and TST, but its mechanism is still unclear and required to be further investigated (Dhingra and Valecha, 2014a)	Male swiss mice	FST, TST, and OFT	CUMS model	Liang et al., 2008 (Liang et al., 2008)
Hydroalcoholic extract of Gastrodia elata	Unclear	G. elata aqueous ethanol extract significantly reduced the immobility duration in FST and TST	Male kunming mi	FST, TST and OFT	Acute stress model	Zhou et al., 2006 (Zhou et al., 2006)
Hydroethanolic and dichloromethanic extracts Sonchus oleraceus	Unclear	Hydroethanolic and dichloromethanic extracts Sonchus oleraceus reduced the immobility duration in FST and TST, while the mechanism has not been known	Adult male swiss mice	FST and TST	Acute stress model	Vilela et al., 2010 (Vilela et al., 2010)
Ethanolic extract of Hypericum perforatum	Unclear	H. perforatum extract displays dose-dependent antidepressant effect	Mice	OFT	Acute stress model	Kumar et al., 2000 (Kumar et al., 2000)