Table 1.
Neuropsychological impairment in COVID-19 patients (n = 191).
| Test | Impairmenta | Patientsb | Controlsb | t-testc | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | M(SD) | M(SD) | p | d | |
| Verbal Fluency (animals) | 16 | 8% | 19.35 (5.59) | 19.76 (4.79) | 0.699 | −0.08 |
| Verbal Fluency (fruits) | 5 | 3% | 17.00 (4.14) | 16.24 (3.88) | 0.354 | 0.19 |
| Switching fluency (pairs) | 5 | 3% | 17.00 (4.14) | 8.84 (1.68) | 0.820 | −0.05 |
| ROCFT - Copy | 48 | 24% | 34.14 (2.95) | 29.22 (4.41) | 0.001 | 1.31 |
| ROCFT - Immediate Recalld | 9 | 5% | 20.61 (6.19) | 17.22 (5.42) | 0.003 | 0.58 |
| ROCFT - Delayed Recalld | 14 | 7% | 21.04 (5.98) | 16.41 (5.28) | 0.001 | 0.82 |
| Logical Memory - Immediate Recall | 17 | 9% | 10.69 (3.55) | 11.76 (2.26) | 0.184 | −0.27 |
| Logical Memory - Delayed Recall | 10 | 5% | 9.82 (3.92) | 10.27 (4.10) | 0.581 | −0.11 |
| Digit Span Forward | 0 | 0% | 51.16 (22.88) | 50.22 (26.42) | 0.851 | 0.04 |
| Digit Span Backward | 0 | 0% | 24.82 (16.45) | 28.51 (15.09) | 0.250 | −0.23 |
| Five Point Test (unique) | 0 | 0% | 29.08 (11.6) | 27.45 (12.47) | 0.505 | −0.23 |
| Trail Making Test A | 21 | 11% | 37.45 (14.08) | 39.41 (14.46) | 0.498 | −0.23 |
| Trail Making Test B | 19 | 10% | 96.37 (54.78) | 85.67 (43.38) | 0.263 | −0.23 |
M mean, SD standard-deviation, ROCFT Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test.
aCompared to Brazilian normative data.
bMatched by age, education and sex (n = 49 for each group).
cIndependent samples t-tests and effect size calculated by the Cohens’s d equation.
dThis differences were not significant after controlling for the copy impairment in an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model.