Table 1.
Clinical Features and Biochemical Profile of Patients with T2D According to Anti-Hyperglycemic Therapy
| n=240 | Reference Values | Metformin (Monotherapy) | Dual Therapy (Met+Glib & Met+Ins) | Triple Therapy (Met+Glib+Ins) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | 112 (47) | 108 (45) | 20 (8) | ||
| Age (years) | - | 57.0 ± 12.0 | 58.5 ± 10.0 | 54.8 ± 9.6 | 0.314 |
| Years with T2D | - | 4.5 ± 5.4 | 10.6 ± 9.5 | 12.8 ± 10.4 | 5x10-7a |
| Sex F/M | - | 71/41 | 66/42 | 14/6 | 0.835 |
| Therapy time (years) | - | 4.3 ± 5.2 | 9.3 ± 8.0 | 12.4 ± 10.2 | 1x10-8a |
| Anthropometric profile | |||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 18.5–24.9 | 30.5 ± 6.3 | 30.4 ± 6.9 | 29.8 ± 6.2 | 0.638 |
| Normal weight n(%) | - | 15 (13.4) | 17 (15.7) | 3 (15.0) | 0.526 |
| Overweight n(%) | - | 34 (30.4) | 33 (30.5) | 8 (40.0) | |
| Obesity n(%) | - | 43 (38.4) | 36 (33.3) | 7 (35.0) | |
| Total body fat (%) | M:12–20 F:20–30 | 34.8 ± 8.6 | 33.6 ± 8.5 | 32.8 ± 8.0 | 0.449 |
| WC (cm) | M:<90 F:<80 | 101.5 ± 14.6 | 101.3 ± 12.9 | 99.0 ± 12.6 | 0.720 |
| Glycemic profile | |||||
| Glucose (mg/dL) | <110 | 126 ± 40.0 | 166 ± 69.3 | 161 ± 57.5 | 2x10-4b |
| HbA1c (%) | <6.5 | 6.6 ± 1.5 | 8.2 ± 2.2 | 8.6 ± 1.6 | 7x10-7a |
| TyG index (ratio) | <8.31 | 9.0 ± 0.5 | 9.4 ± 0.7 | 9.5 ± 0.7 | 0.001a |
| I.R (TyG ratio) | - | 103 (92.0) | 106 (98.1) | 18 (90.0) | 0.049b |
| Glyc Ctrl (HbA1c%) | <7.0 | 86 (76.8) | 38 (35.2) | 3 (15) | 6x10-8a |
| Lipid profile | |||||
| TC (mg/dL) | <200 | 174 ± 31.0 | 179 ± 31.2 | 184 ± 27.4 | 0.671 |
| TG (mg/dL) | <150 | 142 ± 56.5 | 167 ± 80.7 | 192 ± 100.7 | 0.152b |
| HDL-c (mg/dL) | >50 | 46.9 ± 10.9 | 45.4 ± 10.6 | 45.9 ± 9.4 | 0.569 |
| Non-HDL-c (mg/dL) | <130 | 127.8 ± 28.5 | 133.4 ± 30.4 | 138.0 ± 27.6 | 0.458 |
| LDL-c (mg/dL) | <100 | 100.3 ± 25.1 | 100.4 ± 26.3 | 100.7 ± 25.0 | 0.989 |
Notes: Values are presented as mean ± standard deviations, frequencies, and percentages. aBy post hoc tests: Metformin monotherapy vs dual therapy and triple therapy, p<0.001. bBy post hoc tests: Metformin monotherapy vs dual therapy: Glucose, p<0.001; Insulin Resistance (TyG index), p=0.029; Triglycerides, p=0.025. The one-way ANOVA for quantitative variables and Chi-square test for qualitative variables were the statistical approach. The variables of age and years with T2D were used to fit the analysis.
Abbreviations: T2D, Type 2 Diabetes; Met, Metformin; Glib, Glibenclamide; Ins, Insulin; F, Female; M, Male; BMI, Body Mass Index; WC, Waist Circumference; HbA1c, Glycated haemoglobin; TyG index, Triglyceride-Glucose index; I.R, Insulin Resistance; Glyc Ctrl, Glycemic control; TC, Total-cholesterol; TG, Triglycerides; HDL-c, High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Non-HDL-c, Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c, Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.