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. 2022 May 30;13:903498. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.903498

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Copyright © 2022 Barbati, Celia, Colasanti, Vomero, Speziali, Putro, Buoncuore, Savino, Colafrancesco, Ucci, Ciancarella, Balbinot, Scarpa, Natalucci, Pellegrino, Ceccarelli, Spinelli, Mastroianni, Conti and Alessandri

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Immunofluorescence analysis of autophagy in PBMCs from COVID-19 patients and HDs. LC3IIB (red fluorescence) and LAMP1 (green fluorescence) expression in PBMCs from COVID-19 patients (A, B, G, H) and HDs (D, E, L, M). Intracellular autophagolysosome formation detection by colocalization between LC3IIB and LAMP1 (yellow fluorescence) in PBMCs from COVID-19 patients (C, I) and HDs (F, N). (A–F) Magnification, 50×. (G-I, L-N) Magnification, 100×. (J, K) Magnification, x200. (O) Table of total cells and autophagic cells percentage and analysis of the percentage of autophagic cells in COVID-19 and HD PBMCs (Student’s t-test). Values are expressed as means ± SD. *p < 0.05. PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; HDs, healthy donors.