Table 3.

Effects of P. densiflora needle extract (PINE) on the levels of IL-1β and PGE₂ in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages.

		LPS 1 μg/mL + melittin 0.5 μM
	Control	Vehicle	PINE 6.25 μg/mL	PINE 12.5 μg/mL	PINE 25 μg/mL	Dexa 10 μg/mL
IL-1β	2.97 ± 2.36	18.94 ± 1.77#	20.33 ± 0.59	19.50 ± 1.77	10.61 ± 0.98*	5.33 ± 1.37*
PGE2	11.79 ± 4.30	904.73 ± 60.59#	778.82 ± 22.37	321.50 ± 30.73**	160.16 ± 16.84**	148.38 ± 8.52**

Cells were pre-treated with PINE (6.25, 12.5 or 25 μg/mL) for 1 h and then treated with LPS (1 μg/mL) and melittin (0.5 μM) for 12 h. The ELISA was performed to measure the levels of IL-1β and PGE₂. Dexamethasone (Dexa) (10 μg/mL) was used as the reference compound. The absorbance was measured at 450 nm, and each value represents the mean ± SD (n = 3). Significantly different from the control (^#p < 0.05). Significantly different from the stimulation group (*p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01).