Table 3.
Clinical characteristics among patients with AKI following the COVID-19 vaccines sourced from the VAERS database (December 2020 to June 2021).
| Clinical characteristics | Pfizer-BNT (n = 627) | MODERNA (n = 433) | JANSSEN (n = 89) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Comorbidities, n (%) | 327 (52.24) | 292 (67.44) | 57 (64.04) | <.001* |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 177 (28.27) | 151 (34.87) | 27 (30.34) | .073 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 105 (16.80) | 102 (23.56) | 19 (21.35) | .023 |
| Chronic kidney diseases, n (%) | 130 (20.77) | 91 (21.02) | 16 (17.98) | .807 |
| Heart diseases, n (%) | 117 (18.69) | 102 (23.56) | 16 (17.98) | .129 |
| Asthma and COPD, n (%) | 46 (7.35) | 46 (10.62) | 10 (11.24) | .132 |
| Gastrointestinal diseases, n (%) | 95 (15.18) | 70 (16.17) | 12 (13.48) | .791 |
| Connective tissue diseases, n (%) | 18 (2.88) | 13 (3.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0.260 |
| Anemia, n (%) | 28 (4.47) | 21 (4.85) | 5 (5.62) | 0.878 |
| Coagulation disorders, n (%) | 22 (3.51) | 18 (4.16) | 1 (1.12) | 0.371 |
| Neurological disorders, n (%) | 71 (11.34) | 58 (13.39) | 8 (8.99) | 0.402 |
| Surgery or radiotherapy, n (%) | 45 (7.19) | 39 (9.01) | 8 (8.99) | 0.529 |
| Cancer, n (%) | 63 (10.06) | 39 (9.01) | 6 (6.74) | 0.565 |
| Coexisting active illnesses, n (%) | 121 (19.30) | 116 (26.79) | 22 (24.72) | 0.014* |
| Infection, n (%) | 35 (5.58) | 38 (8.78) | 4 (4.49) | 0.085 |
| Pneumonia, n (%) | 20 (3.19) | 17 (3.93) | 1 (1.12) | 0.392 |
| Urinary tract infection, n (%) | 7 (1.12) | 6 (1.39) | 1 (1.12) | 0.922 |
| Upper respiratory tract infection, n (%) | 0 (0.00) | 2 (0.46) | 1 (1.12) | 0.088 |
| Other infection, n (%) | 7 (1.12) | 16 (3.70) | 2 (2.25) | 0.018 |
| Heart failure, n (%) | 10 (1.59) | 8 (1.85) | 1 (1.12) | 0.875 |
| Other active illnesses, n (%) | 105 (16.75) | 99 (22.86) | 20 (22.47) | 0.036 |
| Post-vaccine AKI causes | ||||
| Volume depletion, n (%) | 214 (34.13) | 178 (41.11) | 43 (48.31) | 0.008* |
| Nausea and vomiting, n (%) | 101 (16.11) | 89 (20.55) | 21 (23.60) | 0.077 |
| Diarrhea, n (%) | 57 (9.09) | 45 (10.39) | 9 (10.11) | 0.771 |
| Fever, n (%) | 138 (22.01) | 123 (28.41) | 32 (35.96) | 0.004* |
| Decreased appetite, n (%) | 21 (3.35) | 11 (2.54) | 3 (3.37) | 0.740 |
| Sepsis, n (%) | 70 (11.16) | 54 (12.47) | 9 (10.11) | 0.730 |
| Acute tubular necrosis, n (%) | 5 (0.80) | 5 (1.15) | 2 (2.25) | 0.435 |
| Acute interstitial nephritis, n (%) | 0 (0.00) | 2 (0.46) | 0 (0.00) | 0.291 |
| Glomerular nephritis, n (%) | 10 (1.59) | 10 (2.31) | 2 (2.25) | 0.686 |
| Nephrotic syndrome, n (%) | 1 (0.16) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (1.12) | 0.149 |
| Thrombotic microangiopathy, n (%) | 22 (3.51) | 21 (4.85) | 10 (11.24) | 0.005* |
| Pulmonary embolism, n (%) | 17 (2.71) | 14 (3.23) | 3 (3.37) | 0.861 |
| Time to AKI onset, days | 14.11 ± 19.99 | 10.61 ± 16.55 | 11.32 ± 13.03 | 0.008* |
| Clinic visit, n (%) | 121 (19.30) | 93 (21.48) | 21 (23.60) | 0.513 |
| ER visit, n (%) | 347 (55.34) | 235 (54.27) | 42 (47.19) | 0.352 |
| Hospitalization, n (%) | 457 (72.89) | 295 (68.13) | 68 (76.40) | 0.133 |
| Length of stay, days | 3.68 ± 5.97 | 3.54 ± 5.18 | 4.72 ± 7.15 | 0.305 |
| Dialysis initiated, n (%) | 41 (6.54) | 46 (10.62) | 13 (14.61) | 0.008* |
| Death, n (%) | 124 (19.78) | 77 (17.78) | 11 (12.36) | 0.217 |
| AKI onset to death, days | 8.57 ± 15.16 | 9.50 ± 15.63 | 9.00 ± 11.57 | 0.915 |
COVID-19: coronavirus disease 19; AKI: acute kidney injury; VARES: vaccine adverse event reporting system; ER: emergency room.