Table 2.
Subgroup Analyses of COPD-Related PH Prevalence
| Subgroups | Number of Included Studies | COPD-Related PH | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prevalence | Sample (n) | 95% CI | I2 | P value | P Within Groups | ||
| Continents | |||||||
| Africa | 2 | 64.0% | 372 | 59.4–68.3 | 0.0% | 0.728 | 0.000 |
| Asia | 18 | 32.6% | 3648 | 28.4–44.3 | 96.5% | 0.000 | |
| Europe | 11 | 30.4% | 1780 | 23.3–37.6 | 91.0% | 0.000 | |
| North America | 7 | 52.6% | 10 437 | 45.3–60.0 | 96.9% | 0.000 | |
| Enrolment time | |||||||
| −2010 | 10 | 41.8% | 2467 | 31.1–52.5 | 96.9% | 0.000 | 0.992 |
| 2010–2015 | 4 | 41.2% | 706 | 18.6–63.8 | 97.7% | 0.000 | |
| 2015- | 6 | 42.7% | 905 | 28.4–57.0 | 95.2% | 0.000 | |
| Diagnostic methods for PH | |||||||
| TTE | 23 | 40.7% | 4165 | 33.3–48.2 | 96.4% | 0.000 | 0.494 |
| RHC | 15 | 37.0% | 12 180 | 29.0–44.9 | 98.3% | 0.000 | |
| Mean age | |||||||
| >65 | 14 | 35.3% | 3387 | 26.7–43.9 | 96.8% | 0.000 | 0.082 |
| <65 | 17 | 44.5% | 12 172 | 38.7–50.2 | 96.5% | 0.000 | |
| COPD classifications | |||||||
| I | 4 | 24.5% | 104 | 2.4–46.7 | 83.1% | 0.030 | 0.024 |
| II | 7 | 34.1% | 437 | 15.6–52.6 | 95.9% | 0.000 | |
| III | 8 | 38.6% | 563 | 23.0–54.2 | 92.3% | 0.000 | |
| IV | 8 | 61.5% | 358 | 46.2–76.8 | 90.2% | 0.000 | |
| Gender | |||||||
| Female | 14 | 43.5% | 2110 | 38.0–49.1 | 81.5% | 0.000 | 0.720 |
| Male | 14 | 42.6% | 3205 | 33.5–51.8 | 95.7% | 0.000 | |
| PH grades | |||||||
| Mild | 5 | 30.2% | 543 | 22.3–38.0 | 73.9% | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Moderate | 5 | 10.0% | 543 | 5.7–14.3 | 64.3% | 0.000 | |
| Severe | 5 | 7.2% | 543 | 1.4–13.0 | 90.1% | 0.015 | |
| Sample source | |||||||
| Lung transplants | 8 | 44.5% | 10 844 | 37.3–51.7 | 97.2% | 0.000 | 0.247 |
| Outpatients | 6 | 40.5% | 1191 | 33.9–47.2 | 98.2% | 0.000 | |
| Inpatients | 7 | 32.3% | 2130 | 19.4–45.2 | 97.8% | 0.000 | |
| Sample type | |||||||
| Stable phase | 19 | 38.1% | 4209 | 30.6–45.7 | 96.6% | 0.000 | 0.998 |
| AECOPD | 3 | 38.2% | 717 | 30.9–45.4 | 98.7% | 0.012 | |
Abbreviations: AECOPD, acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; TTE, transthoracic echocardiography; PH, pulmonary hypertension; RHC, right heart catheterization.