TABLE 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19 Who Required High-Flow Oxygen and Did Not Have Limitation of Code Status
| Variable | Respiratory Rate-Oxygenation Index at 12 hr After Initiation of High-Flow Nasal Cannula | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Low Risk ≥ 4.88, n = 1,176 | Intermediate Risk ≥ 3.85 to < 4.88, n = 353 | High Risk < 3.85, n = 318 | |
| Age | 61.6 (15.7) | 62.2 (14.2) | 60.0 (14.2) |
| Male | 716 (60.9%) | 212 (60.1%) | 222 (69.8%) |
| Race | |||
| Hispanic | 489 (41.6%) | 150 (42.5%) | 146 (45.9%) |
| White | 338 (26.3%) | 104 (26.4%) | 85 (23.6%) |
| Asian | 239 (20.3%) | 75 (21.3%) | 59 (18.5%) |
| Black | 114 (9.7%) | 28 (7.9%) | 34 (10.7%) |
| Comorbidity Point Score, version 2a | 29.5 (35.7) | 27.8 (34.2) | 23.0 (28.6) |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Diabetes with and without complications | 441 (37.5%) | 131 (37.1%) | 111 (34.9%) |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 396 (33.7%) | 125 (35.4%) | 94 (29.6%) |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 306 (26.0%) | 80 (22.7%) | 64 (20.1%) |
| Chronic renal insufficiency | 236 (20.1%) | 59 (16.7%) | 43 (13.5%) |
| Congestive heart disease | 106 (9.0%) | 31 (8.8%) | 19 (6.0%) |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 92 (7.8%) | 29 (8.2%) | 20 (6.3%) |
| Malignancy | 58 (4.9%) | 24 (6.8%) | 23 (7.2%) |
| Dementia | 57 (4.9%) | 14 (4.0%) | 13 (4.1%) |
| Rheumatologic disease | 26 (2.2%) | 8 (2.3%) | < 5 |
| Metastatic disease | 13 (1.1%) | 5 (1.4%) | < 5 |
| Mild liver disease | 17 (1.5%) | < 5 | < 5 |
| Severe liver disease | 11 (0.9%) | < 5 | < 5 |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 8 (0.7%) | < 5 | < 5 |
| Hemiplegia | 8 (0.7%) | < 5 | < 5 |
| Acquired immunodeficiency disorder | 6 (0.5%) | < 5 | < 5 |
| Average Epic Deterioration Indexb on day of initiation of high-flow oxygen | 40.6 (9.9) | 42.6 (10.1) | 48.2 (10.2) |
| Average oxygen saturation/Fio2 on day of initiation of high-flow oxygen | 163 (91) | 216 (84) | 119 (78) |
| Average respiratory rate on day of initiation of high-flow oxygen | 23 (4) | 25 (4) | 29 (4) |
| Admit from home | 1,107 (94.1%) | 342 (96.9%) | 304 (95.6%) |
Comorbidity Point Score, version 2 is an externally validated comorbidity index developed by Kaiser Permanente Northern California. It is calculated using all diagnoses incurred by a patient in 12 mo prior to hospitalization (range, 0–1,014). A score of 0–39 correlates to 1-yr mortality of 0.3% and 40–64 correlates to 5.3%.
Epic Deterioration Index is a widely used, validated severity of illness score developed outside of Kaiser Permanente Northern California that is embedded into the electronic health record. It is calculated based on clinical data including vital signs, laboratory values, and nursing assessments (range, 0–100).
Continuous variables are displayed with mean (sd). Categorical variables are displayed with n (%).