Figure 2.

Timing of disease symptoms and therapeutic interventions. Abbreviations: NSAIDS = nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; ACE = angiotensin-converting enzyme; BCG = Bacillus calmette–Guérin; TRF = Time-restricted feeding. The timing of therapeutic interventions is mostly associated with the daily susceptibility of diseases. a higher evening antiepileptic drug dose can reduce nocturnal and early-morning seizures. Night time administration of most anti-hypertensive and anti-inflammatory drugs effectively reduces the early morning severity of the cardio-metabolic and auto-immune disease symptoms, via preemptive suppression of the disease-relevant enzymes or proinflammatory cytokine activities that rise during sleep. On the other hand, morning vaccinations appear to induce better innate and adaptive immune responses. Morning bright light therapy improves circadian rhythms, sleep and, mood disorders. daytime TRf or exercise in the late afternoon can improve circadian rhythms and metabolic symptoms, particularly in patients with diabetes and obesity. Tnf-α = Tumor necrosis factor alpha IL-6 = Interleukin 6