TABLE 1.
Sample characteristics at baseline
| Characteristics | All (n = 2563) | Men (n = 686) | Women (n = 1877) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | |||
| <70 | 137 (5.6) | 82 (11.9) | 55 (2.9) |
| 70–79 | 372 (14.5) | 139 (20.3) | 233 (12.4) |
| 80–89 | 1233 (48.1) | 349 (50.9) | 884 (47.1) |
| ≥90 | 821 (32) | 116 (16.9) | 705 (37.6) |
| Alzheimer's disease | 634 (24.7) | 125 (18.2) | 509 (27.1) |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 555 (21.7) | 176 (25.7) | 379 (20.2) |
| Ischemic heart disease | 977 (38.1) | 267 (38.9) | 710 (37.8) |
| COPD | 466 (18.2) | 163 (23.8) | 303 (16.1) |
| Heart failure | 450 (17.6) | 122 (17.8) | 328 (17.5) |
| Neurotic stress‐related disorders a | 748 (29.2) | 143 (20.9) | 605 (32.2) |
| Depression | 761 (29.7) | 152 (22.2) | 609 (32.4) |
| Schizophrenia | 85 (3.3) | 34 (5.0) | 51 (2.7) |
| Arrythmia | 105 (4.1) | 30 (4.4) | 75 (4.0) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 103 (4.02) | 30 (4.4) | 73 (3.9) |
| Visual impairment | 845 (33.0) | 218 (31.8) | 627 (33.4) |
| Hearing impairment | 781 (30.5) | 205 (29.9) | 576 (30.7) |
| Hip fracture | 134 (5.2) | 29 (4.2) | 105 (5.6) |
| Osteoarthritis | 71 (2.8) | 12 (1.8) | 59 (3.1) |
| Other MSK diseases | 100 (3.9) | 27 (3.9) | 73 (3.9) |
| Thyroid disease | 67 (2.6) | 7 (1.0) | 60 (3.2) |
| Number of diseases, mean (SD) | 2.4 (1.7) | 2.3 (1.7) | 2.5 (1.7) |
| Number of drugs | |||
| 0–4 | 1180 (46.0) | 283 (41.2) | 897 (47.8) |
| 5–9 | 1153 (45.0) | 343 (50.0) | 810 (43.1) |
| 10+ | 230 (9.0) | 60 (8.8) | 170 (9.1) |
| Weight loss | 217 (8.5) | 81 (11.8) | 136 (7.3) |
| Hospitalization (past 90 days) | 579 (22.6) | 226 (32.9) | 353 (18.8) |
| Bladder incontinence | 2215 (86.4) | 577 (84.1) | 1638 (87.3) |
| Bowel incontinence | 1927(75.2) | 498 (72.6) | 1429 (76.1) |
| Tube feeding | 349 (13.6) | 85 (12.4) | 264 (14.1) |
| Delirium episode (past 3 days) b | 833 (32.5) | 218 (31.8) | 615 (32.8) |
| CPS c | |||
| Moderate impairment | 863 (33.7) | 251 (36.6) | 612 (32.6) |
| Severe impairment | 1426 (55.6) | 354 (51.6) | 1072 (57.1) |
| ADLH d | |||
| Assistance required | 1011 (39.5) | 285 (41.6) | 726 (38.7) |
| Dependence | 1425 (55.6) | 352 (51.3) | 1073 (57.2) |
| DRS e | |||
| 2 or more depressive symptoms | 1121 (43.7) | 265 (38.6) | 856 (45.6) |
| CHESS f | |||
| Minimal‐low health instability | 930 (36.3) | 246 (35.9) | 684 (36.4) |
| Moderate‐high health instability | 165 (6.4) | 58 (8.4) | 107 (5.7) |
Neurotic stress‐related disorders comprised items 300–316 of ICD‐9 codes (Neurotic disorders; Personality disorders; Sexual deviations and disorders; Alcohol dependence syndrome; Drug dependence; Nondependent abuse of drugs; Physiological malfunction arising from mental factors; Special symptoms or syndromes, not elsewhere classified; Acute reaction to stress; Adjustment reaction; Specific nonpsychotic mental disorders after organic brain damage; Depressive disorder, not elsewhere classified; Disturbance of conduct, not elsewhere classified; Disturbance of emotions specific to childhood and adolescence; Hyperkinetic syndrome of childhood; Specific delays in development; Psychic factors associated with diseases classified elsewhere).
Delirium episode including abnormal thinking, delusions, or hallucinations.
CPS, Cognitive Performance Scale (0 to 6).
ADLH, Activities of Daily Living Hierarchy Scale (0 to 6).
DRS, Depression Rating Scale (0 to 14).
CHESS, Changes in Health, End‐Stage Disease, and Symptoms and Signs Scale (0 to 5). Data expressed as number (percentages of participants).
Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ICD‐9, International Classification of Diseases 9th revision; MSK, musculoskeletal; SD, standard deviation.