Table 2.
Serum sample characteristics of mothers to individuals diagnosed with ASD and mothers to unaffected individuals in the study sample.
|
Unaffected
(n = 429) |
ASD
(n = 318) |
p-valuea |
ASD only
(n = 100) |
ASD with ID
(n = 101) |
ASD with ADHD
(n = 117) |
p-valueb | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cytokines with <70% imputed values [median concentration (IQR)] | |||||||
| IL-1β (pg/ml) | 2.3 (0.8, 5.8) | 2.6 (1.0, 6.2) | 0.27 | 2.5 (0.9, 5.9) | 2.1 (1.2, 7.3) | 2.9 (0.9, 6.8) | 0.72 |
| IL-2 (pg/ml) | 5.4 (3.4, 9.9) | 6.0 (3.6, 10.7) | 0.20 | 6.1 (3.7, 10.3) | 5.8 (3.8, 9.6) | 6.6 (3.5, 11.3) | 0.48 |
| IL-6 (pg/ml) | 5.0 (2.6, 14.1) | 5.7 (2.6, 14.6) | 0.54 | 4.7 (2.0, 10.4) | 6.2 (2.6, 18.4) | 6.0 (2.8, 17.9) | 0.24 |
| IL-7 (pg/ml) | 7.3 (4.3, 11.6) | 7.9 (4.5, 12.9) | 0.15 | 8.4 (5.0, 13.4) | 8.0 (4.3, 15.2) | 7.9 (4.9, 12.3) | 0.46 |
| IL-8 (pg/ml) | 222.9 (25.6, 1152.0) | 164.1 (26.3, 917.3) | 0.32 | 157.9 (33.6, 697.9) | 240.8 (25.3, 1140.4) | 121.9 (25.0, 556.6) | 0.49 |
| IL-17 (pg/ml) | 18.0 (11.5, 26.9) | 17.2 (11.2, 26.9) | 0.96 | 19.8 (13.6, 29.4) | 16.4 (11.2, 30.1) | 15.8 (9.5, 25.4) | 0.21 |
| GCSF (pg/ml) | 8.3 (4.8, 12.0) | 8.7 (5.2, 12.8) | 0.30 | 8.7 (5.3, 12.9) | 7.8 (5.0, 12.4) | 9.3 (6.3, 13.4) | 0.37 |
| GMCSF (pg/ml) | 17.8 (6.0, 34.4) | 16.6 (4.9, 39.9) | 0.79 | 14.6 (3.5, 37.4) | 22.4 (6.0, 43.0) | 16.2 (6.3, 38.8) | 0.26 |
| MCP-1 (pg/ml) | 53.7 (29.2, 91.5) | 53.1 (30.1, 105.6) | 0.71 | 51.7 (28.9, 88.8) | 55.0 (32.8, 114.6) | 55.4 (31.6, 100.1) | 0.78 |
| MIP-1β (pg/ml) | 146.8 (103.9, 208.7) | 145.8 (101.6, 202.8) | 0.66 | 150.4 (97.0, 220.8) | 140.8 (103.2, 201.1) | 139.1 (101.6, 188.1) | 0.73 |
| Cytokines with >70% imputed values [samples at or above the 90th percentile, n (%)] | |||||||
| IL-4 | 44 (10.3%) | 39 (12.3%) | 0.39 | 9 (9.0%) | 14 (13.9%) | 16 (13.7%) | 0.51 |
| IL-5 | 44 (10.3%) | 35 (11.0%) | 0.74 | 9 (9.0%) | 16 (15.8%) | 10 (8.5%) | 0.29 |
| IL-10 | 43 (10.0%) | 47 (14.8%) | 0.048 | 13 (13.0%) | 18 (17.8%) | 16 (13.7%) | 0.16 |
| IL-12 | 43 (10.0%) | 46 (14.5%) | 0.064 | 13 (13.0%) | 14 (13.9%) | 19 (16.2%) | 0.26 |
| IL-13 | 43 (10.0%) | 45 (14.2%) | 0.084 | 12 (12.0%) | 22 (21.8%) | 11 (9.4%) | 0.009 |
| IFN-γ | 43 (10.0%) | 39 (12.3%) | 0.33 | 8 (8.0%) | 12 (11.9%) | 19 (16.2%) | 0.19 |
| TNF-α | 43 (10.0%) | 45 (14.2%) | 0.084 | 11 (11.0%) | 13 (12.9%) | 21 (17.9%) | 0.13 |
Pearson's chi-squared test was used for categorical variables, comparing the frequency distributions among unaffected individuals to the distributions among all ASD-affected individuals. Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare concentrations among unaffected individuals to concentrations among all ASD-unaffected individuals.
Pearson's chi-squared test was used for categorical variables, comparing the frequency distributions among unaffected individuals to the distribution among the stratified ASD outcome groups. Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare concentrations among unaffected individuals to concentrations among the stratified ASD outcome groups.
ASD, autism spectrum disorders; ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; ID, intellectual disability; IQR, interquartile range; IL-1β, Interleukin-1β; IL-2, Interleukin-2; IL-4, Interleukin-4; IL-5, Interleukin-5; IL-6, Interleukin-6; IL-7, Interleukin-7; IL-8, Interleukin-8; IL-10, Interleukin-10; IL-12, Interleukin-12; IL-13, Interleukin-13; IL-17, Interleukin-17; GCSF, Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; GMCSF, Granulocyte Monocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; IFN-γ, Interferon-γ MCP-1, Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1; MIP-1β, Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 1β; TNF-α, Tumor Necrosis Factor-α.