Table 1.
Epidemiological profile related to CDI and cirrhosis. Abbreviations: CDI, Clostridioides difficile infection; US, United States; SNOMED–CT, systematized nomenclature of medicine clinical terms; NRD, nationwide readmissions database; NIS, national inpatient sample; ICD, international classification of diseases; CLD, chronic liver disease; HE, hepatic encephalopathy; EIA, enzyme immunoassay; SBP, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis; GDH, glutamate dehydrogenase; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; LTCFs, long-term care facilities.
| Reference | Country | Study type | Study duration | Patient cohort | Database | CDI diagnostic methods | Epidemiology |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CDI in cirrhosis | |||||||
| [30] | US | Retrospective | 2018–2021 | 133,400 patients with cirrhosis | Explorys | SNOMED-CT | Prevalence: 134.93 per 100,000 |
| [31] | US | Retrospective | 2011–2014 | 1,798,830 patients with cirrhosis | NRD | ICD-9 | Prevalence: 2.8% |
| [32] | US | Retrospective | 2005–2014 | 590,980 patients with decompensated cirrhosis | NIS | ICD-9 | Prevalence: from 1.3% in 2005 to 2.7% in 2014; in-hospital mortality: from 15.4% in 2005 to 11.1% in 2014 |
| [33] | US | Retrospective | 1998–2014 | 3, 049, 696 patients with advanced cirrhosis | NIS | ICD-9 | Prevalence: from 0.8% in 1998 to 2.6% in 2014; in-hospital mortality: from 20.7% in 1998 to 11.3% in 2014 |
| [34] | US | Retrospective | 1998–2007 | 742, 391 patients with cirrhosis | NIS | ICD-9 | Prevalence: from 0.7% in 1998 to 1.6% in 2007; in-hospital mortality: from 13.4% in 1998 to 12.3% in 2007 |
| [23] | US | Retrospective | 2009 | 114,108 patients with CLD | NIS | ICD-9 | Incidence: 189.4/10,000 |
| [35] | Romania | Retrospective | 2012–2014 | 231 patients with cirrhosis and HE | Tertiary hospital | EIA | Incidence: 7.3% |
| [36] | Romania | Prospective | 2015 | 200 patients with decompensated cirrhosis | Tertiary hospital | EIA | Incidence: 9% |
| [37] | Romania | Prospective | 2018–2019 | 122 patients with cirrhosis and SBP receiving secondary prophylaxis with norfloxacin | Tertiary hospital | EIA | Incidence: 18.8% |
| [38] | Spain | Retrospective | 2009–2014 | 367 patients with cirrhosis and 30.8% received rifaximin | Tertiary hospital | Rapid detection test | Incidence: 11.8% |
| [39] | Romania | Retrospective | 2017–2019 | 367 patients with cirrhosis and variceal bleeding | Tertiary hospital | EIA | Incidence: 6.8% |
| [4] | China | Retrospective | 2015 | 526 patients with cirrhosis | Tertiary hospital | EIA | Incidence: 4.9% |
|
| |||||||
| R-CDI in cirrhosis | |||||||
| [21] | US | Retrospective | 2012–2016 | 257 patients with cirrhosis and CDI | Tertiary hospital | EIA | Incidence: 11.9% |
|
| |||||||
| Cirrhosis in CDI | |||||||
| [40] | US | Retrospective | 2011–2014 | 366,283 CDI inpatients | NRD | ICD-9 | Prevalence: 3.4% |
| [41] | US | Retrospective | 2012–2015 | 1,327,595 CDI inpatients | NIS | ICD-9 | Prevalence: 3.97% |
| [42] | US | Retrospective | 2016–2017 | 196,945 CDI inpatients | NIS | ICD-9 | Prevalence: 4.18% |
| [43] | US | Retrospective | 2014–2017 | 526 CDI inpatients | Tertiary hospital | GDH and PCR | Prevalence: 9.13% |
| [44] | US | Retrospective | 2011 | 45,500 CDI inpatients | LTCFs | ICD-9 | Prevalence: 0.72% |