Table 2.

Studies reporting the effect size of the outcomes of CDI in cirrhosis. Abbreviations: CDI, Clostridioides difficile infection; US, United States; NIS, national inpatient sample; 95%CI, 95% confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; aOR, adjusted odds ratio; NA, not available; HE, hepatic encephalopathy; SBP, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis; LTCFs, long-term care facilities.

Reference	Study period	Country	Database	Outcome metrics	Effect size (95%CI)	Adjustment factors
[22]	2015	US	NIS	Mortality	aOR: 1.55 (1.29–1.85)	Hospital location, teaching status, insurance status, complications of cirrhosis and infections
[23]	2009	US	NIS	Mortality	aOR: 2.29 (1.90–2.76)	Demographic (age in decade-long intervals, gender, race) and socioeconomic characteristics (primary payer and income level)
[31]	2011–2014	US	NRD	Mortality; sepsis; any organ failure; 2+ organ failures; 30-day readmission	OR:2.00 (1.91–2.28); 3.99 (3.86–4.12); 3.00 (2.90–3.11); 3.25 (3.12–3.39); 1.01 (0.95–1.06), respectively	NA
[33]	1998–2014	US	NIS	Mortality	aOR: 1.47 (1.40–1.56)	Age >65, gender, HE, SBP, variceal bleed, presence of ascites, and Elixhauser comorbidity index
[44]	2011	US	LTCFs	Mortality	aOR: 1.27 (1.24–1.30)	NA