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. 2022 Jun 9;54(6):897–905. doi: 10.1038/s41588-022-01085-0

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extended Data Fig. 5 — The standardized effect estimate (SD change in trait per SD change in PGI) is given along with the 95% confidence interval. Estimates were derived from a sample of 35,556 individuals from the ‘White British’ subsample of the UKB with at least one genotyped sibling and imputed and/or observed parental genotypes. Effects were estimated by joint regression of individuals’ traits onto their own PGI, their siblings’ PGI, and their mother’s and father’s (imputed/observed) PGI (Methods). We give the average of the maternal and paternal NTCs, adjusted for bias due to imputation in the presence of assortative mating (Methods), as the ‘average NTC’ here. Traits were adjusted for 40 genetic principal components prior to analysis. Trait abbreviations: HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; BMI, body mass index; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in one second.