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. 2022 Jun 9;54(6):897–905. doi: 10.1038/s41588-022-01085-0

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — The standardized effect estimate (standard deviation (s.d.) change in phenotype per s.d. change in PGI) is given along with the 95% confidence interval. Estimates were derived from a sample of 39,619 individuals with imputed and/or observed parental genotypes. Effects were estimated by joint regression of individuals’ phenotypes onto their own PGI, and their mother’s and father’s (imputed or observed) PGIs (Methods). We give the average of the estimated maternal and paternal NTCs, adjusted for bias due to imputation in the presence of AM (Methods), as the ‘average NTC’ here, and the difference between maternal and paternal NTCs as ‘maternal minus paternal’. Phenotypes were adjusted for 40 genetic PCs before analysis. HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; BMI, body mass index; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in one second.