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. 2022 Mar 22;45(4):1800–1814. doi: 10.1007/s10753-022-01661-w

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — UA induces the production of cytokines in A549 cells. Supernatants of A549 cells stimulated with UA were harvested for ELISA analysis. After a 24-h treatment, the production of IL-1, IL-6, and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) by A549 alveolar epithelial cells was markedly increased by UA in a dose-dependent manner compared with that of the control group (p < 0.01) a–c. A549 cells treated with increasing concentrations of UA were also harvested for quantitative RT-PCR analysis. mRNA expression of IL-1, IL-6, and TGF-β was upregulated by UA in a dose-dependent manner compared with that of the control group (p < 0.01) d–f.