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. 2022 Jun 14;13:3427. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-30964-7

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Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a The training framework of ANN-based backbone network. b The training framework of an SNN-based branch network for a specific task. c The mechanism of generating task-specific signals based on sample-specific signals. d The comparison of test accuracy of HMN (left) and SNN (right) on individual tasks vs. the number of learned tasks.