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. 2022 Jun 15;15:30. doi: 10.1186/s12284-022-00572-6

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© The Author(s) 2022

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Fig. 2 — The metabolism of selenate and selenite in chloroplasts or plastids (Terry et al. 2000). Selenate is first reduced to adenosine 5-phosphoselenate (APSe) by ATP sulfurylase (EC: 2.7.7.4) and then further reduced nonenzymatically to GSH-conjugated selenite (GS-selenite). Selenite is also reduced nonenzymatically to GS-selenite. The GS-selenite is reduced to selenodiglutathione (GS-Se-SG) by GSH, and GS-Se-SG is further reduced to selenol (GS-SeH) by NADPH and subsequently to GSH-conjugated selenide (GS-Se⁻) by GSH reductase. SeCys is synthesized from GS-Se⁻ and O-acetylserine catalyzed by Cys synthase. SeMet may be synthesized from SeCys via SeCystathionine and SeHomoCys catalyzed by cystathionine-γ-synthase, cystathionine-β-lyase, and Met synthase. SeCys is methylated to methyl-SeMet by Cys methyltransferase. SeMet is methylated to methyl-SeMet, and is further converted into dimethylselenonium propionate (DMSeP) by DMSeP lyase, and then cleaved to DMSe by S-methylMet hydrolase and volatilized. R represents the rate-limiting step