Table 2.
Benzodiazepine-Involved Overdose Deaths During 2000–2019 in the USA
|
Total (n= 118,208) |
Co-involving opioids (n= 98,746) | Not involving opioids (n= 19,462) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heroin (n = 16,847) |
Synthetic opioids‡ (n = 27,706) |
Methadone (n = 18,897) |
Natural and semi-synthetic opioids§ (n = 54,480) |
Opium and other and unspecified narcotics‖ (n = 7205) |
Co-involving another specified substance (n = 14,753) |
Without other specified substances (n = 4709) |
||
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male | 69,264 (58.6%) | 12,039 (71.5%) | 16,934 (61.1%) | 11,639 (61.6%) | 30,623 (56.2%) | 4456 (61.8%) | 7665 (52.0%) | 2647 (56.2%) |
| Female | 48,944 (41.4%) | 4808 (28.5%) | 10,772 (38.9%) | 7258 (38.4%) | 23,857 (43.8%) | 2749 (38.2%) | 7088 (48.0%) | 2062 (43.8%) |
| Median age (IQR) | 43 (32–52) | 36 (29–48) | 39 (30–50) | 41 (31–50) | 44 (33–53) | 41 (32–50) | 47 (37–55) | 48 (37–58) |
| Race | ||||||||
| American Indian and Alaska Native | 1053 (0.9%) | 111 (0.7%) | 189 (0.7%) | 199 (1.1%) | 484 (0.9%) | 75 (1.0%) | 156 (1.1%) | 38 (0.8%) |
| Asian and Pacific Islander | 1006 (0.9%) | 148 (0.9%) | 194 (0.7%) | 114 (0.6%) | 371 (0.7%) | 46 (0.6%) | 224 (1.5%) | 66 (1.4%) |
| Black | 5814 (4.9%) | 1122 (6.7%) | 1815 (6.6%) | 773 (4.1%) | 2597 (4.8%) | 376 (5.2%) | 661 (4.5%) | 192 (4.1%) |
| White | 110,335 (93.3%) | 15,466 (91.8%) | 25,508 (92.1%) | 17,811 (94.3%) | 51,028 (93.7%) | 6708 (93.1%) | 13,712 (92.9%) | 4413 (93.7%) |
| Hispanic origin | ||||||||
| Hispanic | 7526 (6.4%) | 1669 (9.9%) | 1894 (6.8%) | 1128 (6.0%) | 3033 (5.6%) | 474 (6.6%) | 996 (6.8%) | 252 (5.4%) |
| Not Hispanic | 110,043 (93.1%) | 15,044 (89.3%) | 25,650 (92.6%) | 17,637 (93.3%) | 51,212 (94%) | 6680 (92.7%) | 13,670 (92.7%) | 4435 (94.2%) |
| Hispanic status unknown | 639 (0.5%) | 134 (0.8%) | 162 (0.6%) | 132 (0.7%) | 235 (0.4%) | 51 (0.7%) | 87 (0.6%) | 22 (0.5%) |
| Type of overdose | ||||||||
| Accident | 96,040 (81.2%) | 16,269 (96.6%) | 24,889 (89.8%) | 16,929 (89.6%) | 45,034 (82.7%) | 6169 (85.6%) | 8396 (56.9%) | 2483 (52.7%) |
| Suicide | 15,430 (13.1%) | 199 (1.2%) | 1642 (5.9%) | 821 (4.3%) | 6305 (11.6%) | 552 (7.7%) | 5317 (36%) | 1728 (36.7%) |
| Homicide | 109 (0.1.0%) | 21 (0.1%) | 14 (0.1%) | 8 (0%) | 45 (0.1%) | 4 (0.1%) | 16 (0.1%) | 18 (0.4%) |
| Undetermined | 6629 (5.6%) | 358 (2.1%) | 1161 (4.2%) | 1139 (6.0%) | 3096 (5.7%) | 480 (6.7%) | 1024 (6.9%) | 480 (10.2%) |
| Co-involving another specified non-opioid | 71,236 (60.3%) | 9829 (58.3%) | 16,762 (60.5%) | 9369 (49.6%) | 31,440 (57.7%) | 3834 (53.2%) | – | – |
| Cocaine | 15,787 (13.4%) | 4142 (24.6%) | 5338 (19.3%) | 2457 (13%) | 5372 (9.9%) | 1473 (20.4%) | 1700 (11.5%) | – |
| Psychostimulants* | 8632 (7.3%) | 2060 (12.2%) | 2847 (10.3%) | 998 (5.3%) | 3134 (5.8%) | 578 (8.0%) | 1289 (8.7%) | – |
| Alcohol | 19,252 (16.3%) | 2779 (16.5%) | 3741 (13.5%) | 1596 (8.4%) | 6940 (12.7%) | 939 (13.0%) | 6170 (41.8%) | – |
| Barbiturates | 2085 (1.8%) | 169 (1%) | 367 (1.3%) | 212 (1.1%) | 930 (1.7%) | 166 (2.3%) | 588 (4.0%) | – |
| Antidepressants | 22,195 (18.8%) | 1574 (9.3%) | 4276 (15.4%) | 3295 (17.4%) | 10,563 (19.4%) | 800 (11.1%) | 5487 (37.2%) | – |
| Antiepileptics and sedative-hypnotics† | 10,001 (8.5%) | 843 (5%) | 2437 (8.8%) | 997 (5.3%) | 5193 (9.5%) | 244 (3.4%) | 2190 (14.8%) | – |
| Antipsychotics | 9500 (8%) | 589 (3.5%) | 1797 (6.5%) | 1305 (6.9%) | 4727 (8.7%) | 261 (3.6%) | 2442 (16.6%) | – |
| Cannabis | 1786 (1.5%) | 287 (1.7%) | 469 (1.7%) | 233 (1.2%) | 781 (1.4%) | 235 (3.3%) | 254 (1.7%) | – |
| Other specified non-opioids | 20,039 (17%) | 1441 (8.6%) | 3971 (14.3%) | 2361 (12.5%) | 10,937 (20.1%) | 666 (9.2%) | 4295 (29.1%) | – |
| Co-involving another opioid | 98,746 (83.5%) | 9448 (56.1%) | 14,709 (53.1%) | 7410 (39.2%) | 16,308 (29.9%) | 2243 (31.1%) | – | – |
| Heroin | 16,847 (14.3%) | – | 6016 (21.7%) | 1120 (5.9%) | 3721 (6.8%) | 617 (8.6%) | – | – |
| Synthetic opioids‡ | 27,706 (23.4%) | 6016 (35.7%) | – | 1789 (9.5%) | 8591 (15.8%) | 587 (8.1%) | – | – |
| Methadone | 18,897 (16%) | 1120 (6.6%) | 1789 (6.5%) | – | 5132 (9.4%) | 592 (8.2%) | – | – |
| Natural and semi-synthetic opioids§ | 54,480 (46.1%) | 3721 (22.1%) | 8591 (31%) | 5132 (27.2%) | – | 988 (13.7%) | – | – |
| Opium and other and unspecified narcotics‖ | 7205 (6.1%) | 617 (3.7%) | 587 (2.1%) | 592 (3.1%) | 988 (1.8%) | – | – | – |
| Co-involving opioids, barbiturates, alcohol, cocaine, or other psychostimulants | 107,531 (91.0%) | – | – | – | – | – | 8785 (59.5%) | – |
| Includes unspecified substances | 61,055 (51.7%) | 6696 (39.7%) | 12,465 (45%) | 9792 (51.8%) | 30,340 (55.7%) | 3464 (48.1%) | 8435 (57.2%) | 2198 (46.7%) |
*Excluding cocaine
†Excluding benzodiazepines and barbiturates
‡Excluding methadone
§Excluding heroin and opium
‖Includes opium and ICD-10 code T40.6: other and unspecified narcotics
Percentages are calculated based on the number of events within each column. Overdose deaths involving multiple opioids are included in columns for each involved opioid class