Table 3.
Benzodiazepine-Involved Overdose Deaths During 2019 in the USA
|
Total (n= 9731) |
Co-involving opioids (n= 8310) |
Not involving opioids (n= 1421) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heroin (n = 2053) |
Synthetic opioids‡ (n = 5191) |
Methadone (n = 788) |
Natural and semi-synthetic opioids§ (n = 3371) |
Opium and other and unspecified narcotics‖ (n = 248) |
Co-involving another specified substance (n = 1207) |
Without other specified substances (n = 214) |
||
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male | 5738 (59%) | 1420 (69.2%) | 3357 (64.7%) | 443 (56.2%) | 1810 (53.7%) | 140 (56.5%) | 614 (50.9%) | 118 (55.1%) |
| Female | 3993 (41%) | 633 (30.8%) | 1834 (35.3%) | 345 (43.8%) | 1561 (46.3%) | 108 (43.5%) | 593 (49.1%) | 96 (44.9%) |
| Median age (IQR) | 42 (32–54) | 38 (31–50) | 39 (30–51) | 44 (35–54) | 45 (34–56) | 41.5 (30–53) | 49 (38–58) | 52 (38–65.75) |
| Race | ||||||||
| American Indian and Alaska Native | 79 (0.8%) | 18 (0.9%) | 28 (0.5%) | 8 (1.0%) | 32 (0.9%) | 1 (0.4%) | 15 (1.2%) | – |
| Asian and Pacific Islander | 105 (1.1%) | 16 (0.8%) | 42 (0.8%) | 3 (0.4%) | 24 (0.7%) | 2 (0.8%) | 29 (2.4%) | 6 (2.8%) |
| Black | 785 (8.1%) | 179 (8.7%) | 490 (9.4%) | 60 (7.6%) | 289 (8.6%) | 25 (10.1%) | 65 (5.4%) | 18 (8.4%) |
| White | 8762 (90%) | 1840 (89.6%) | 4631 (89.2%) | 717 (91.0%) | 3026 (89.8%) | 220 (88.7%) | 1098 (91%) | 190 (88.8%) |
| Hispanic origin | ||||||||
| Hispanic | 855 (8.8%) | 226 (11.0%) | 475 (9.2%) | 87 (11.0%) | 256 (7.6%) | 22 (8.9%) | 113 (9.4%) | 13 (6.1%) |
| Not Hispanic | 8820 (90.6%) | 1802 (87.8%) | 4680 (90.2%) | 693 (87.9%) | 3105 (92.1%) | 226 (91.1%) | 1092 (90.5%) | 200 (93.5%) |
| Hispanic status unknown | 56 (0.6%) | 25 (1.2%) | 36 (0.7%) | 8 (1.0%) | 10 (0.3%) | – | 2 (0.2%) | 1 (0.5%) |
| Type of overdose | ||||||||
| Accident | 8412 (86.4%) | 2016 (98.2%) | 4883 (94.1%) | 734 (93.1%) | 2836 (84.1%) | 228 (91.9%) | 767 (63.5%) | 126 (58.9%) |
| Suicide | 961 (9.9%) | 14 (0.7%) | 148 (2.9%) | 19 (2.4%) | 406 (12%) | 11 (4.4%) | 368 (30.5%) | 75 (35.0%) |
| Homicide | 7 (0.1%) | – | 2 (0%) | 1 (0.1%) | 2 (0.1%) | – | 2 (0.2%) | – |
| Undetermined | 351 (3.6%) | 23 (1.1%) | 158 (3%) | 34 (4.3%) | 127 (3.8%) | 9 (3.6%) | 70 (5.8%) | 13 (6.1%) |
| Co-involving another specified non-opioid | 6660 (68.4%) | 1356 (66.0%) | 3355 (64.6%) | 480 (60.9%) | 2192 (65.0%) | 148 (59.7%) | 1207 (100%) | – |
| Cocaine | 1819 (18.7%) | 517 (25.2%) | 1267 (24.4%) | 112 (14.2%) | 414 (12.3%) | 72 (29.0%) | 169 (14.0%) | – |
| Psychostimulants* | 1606 (16.5%) | 441 (21.5%) | 898 (17.3%) | 91 (11.5%) | 440 (13.1%) | 56 (22.6%) | 224 (18.6%) | – |
| Alcohol | 1745 (17.9%) | 328 (16.0%) | 800 (15.4%) | 74 (9.4%) | 474 (14.1%) | 25 (10.1%) | 496 (41.1%) | – |
| Barbiturate | 128 (1.3%) | 11 (0.5%) | 42 (0.8%) | 13 (1.6%) | 37 (1.1%) | 6 (2.4%) | 46 (3.8%) | – |
| Antidepressants | 1589 (16.3%) | 183 (8.9%) | 589 (11.3%) | 129 (16.4%) | 622 (18.5%) | 6 (2.4%) | 412 (34.1%) | – |
| Antiepileptics and sedative-hypnotics† | 1321 (13.6%) | 188 (9.2%) | 557 (10.7%) | 126 (16.0%) | 591 (17.5%) | 7 (2.8%) | 242 (20.0%) | – |
| Antipsychotics | 754 (7.7%) | 90 (4.4%) | 268 (5.2%) | 72 (9.1%) | 261 (7.7%) | 3 (1.2%) | 208 (17.2%) | – |
| Cannabis | 206 (2.1%) | 36 (1.8%) | 119 (2.3%) | 3 (0.4%) | 68 (2%) | 15 (6%) | 34 (2.8%) | – |
| Other specified non-opioids | 1676 (17.2%) | 204 (9.9%) | 648 (12.5%) | 126 (16.0%) | 713 (21.2%) | 12 (4.8%) | 378 (31.3%) | – |
| Co-involving another opioid | 8310 (85.4%) | 1569 (76.4%) | 2580 (49.7%) | 421 (53.4%) | 1578 (46.8%) | 92 (37.1%) | – | – |
| Heroin | 2053 (21.1%) | 2053 (100%) | 1384 (26.7%) | 145 (18.4%) | 397 (11.8%) | 35 (14.1%) | – | – |
| Synthetic opioids‡ | 5191 (53.3%) | 1384 (67.4%) | 5191 (100%) | 268 (34.0%) | 1293 (38.4%) | 54 (21.8%) | – | – |
| Methadone | 788 (8.1%) | 145 (7.1%) | 268 (5.2%) | 788 (100%) | 177 (5.3%) | 12 (4.8%) | – | – |
| Natural and semi-synthetic opioids§ | 3371 (34.6%) | 397 (19.3%) | 1293 (24.9%) | 177 (22.5%) | 3371 (100%) | 38 (15.3%) | – | – |
| Opium and other and unspecified narcotics‖ | 248 (2.5%) | 35 (1.7%) | 54 (1%) | 12 (1.5%) | 38 (1.1%) | 248 (100%) | – | – |
| Co-involving opioids, barbiturates, alcohol, cocaine, or other psychostimulants | 9107 (93.6%) | 2053 (100%) | 5191 (100%) | 788 (100%) | 3371 (100%) | 248 (100%) | 797 (66.0%) | – |
| Includes unspecified substances | 4398 (45.2%) | 777 (37.8%) | 1989 (38.3%) | 352 (44.7%) | 1743 (51.7%) | 112 (45.2%) | 671 (55.6%) | 95 (44.4%) |
*Excluding cocaine
†Excluding benzodiazepines and barbiturates
‡Excluding methadone
§Excluding heroin and opium
‖Other and unspecified includes opium and ICD-10 code T40.6: other and unspecified narcotics
Percentages are calculated based on the number of events within each column. Overdose deaths involving multiple opioids are included in columns for each involved opioid class