Table 3.
Eating habits of the study group.
| Overall (%) | All participants | Poland (n = 1,317) | Germany (n = 1,184) | United Kingdom (n = 1,087) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | ||
| n = 3,588 | 1,030 (78.21)B | 287 (21.79)a | 994 (83.95)A | 190 (16.05)b | 911 (83.81)A | 176 (16.19)b | |
| Meal frequency | |||||||
| 1–2 | 530 (14.77) | 74 (7.18)B | 35 (12.20)b | 253 (25.45)A | 49 (25.79)a | 95 (10.43)B | 24 (13.64)ab |
| 3 | 1,570 (43.76) | 374 (36.31)B | 123 (42.86)a | 473 (47.59)A | 90 (47.37)a | 434 (47.64)A | 76 (43.18)a |
| 4 | 1,030 (28.71) | 383 (37.18)A | 81 (28.22)ab | 201 (20.22)B | 34 (17.89)b | 271 (29.75)C | 60 (34.09)a |
| 5 | 438 (12.21) | 194 (18.83)A | 43 (14.98)a | 63 (6.34)B | 14 (7.37)a | 108 (11.86)B | 16 (9.09)a |
| ≥6 | 20 (0.51) | 5 (0.49)A | 5 (1.74)a | 4 (0.40)A | 3 (1.58)a | 3 (0.33)A | 0 (0.00)a |
| Snacks between meals | |||||||
| Daily | 1,277 (35.59) | 329 (31.94)B | 68 (23.96)b | 407 (40.95)A | 50 (26.32)b | 346 (37.98)A | 77 (43.75)a |
| A few/weeks | 1,115 (31.08) | 343 (33.03)A | 96 (33.45)ab | 294 (29.58)A | 70 (36.84)a | 273 (29.97)A | 39 (22.16)b |
| A few/months | 345 (9.62) | 117 (11.36)A | 32 (11.15)a | 83 (8.35)A | 14 (7.37)a | 86 (9.44)A | 13 (7.39)a |
| A few/years | 21 (0.59) | 4 (0.39)A | 0 (0.00)a | 11 (1.11)A | 0 (0.53)a | 4 (0.44)A | 0 (0.57)a |
| No | 830 (23.13) | 237 (23.01)A | 91 (31.71)a | 199 (20.02)A | 55 (28.95)a | 202 (22.17)A | 46 (26.14)a |
| Fruits and vegetables | |||||||
| I don't eat | 36 (1.00) | 4 (0.39)A | 3 (1.05)a | 11 (1.11)A | 7 (3.68)a | 8 (0.88)A | 3 (1.70)a |
| A few/months | 285 (7.94) | 87 (8.45)A | 42 (14.63)a | 69 (6.94)A | 32 (16.84)a | 46 (5.05)A | 9 (5.11)a |
| A few/weeks | 1,244 (34.67) | 380 (36.89)A | 112 (39.02)a | 340 (34.21)AB | 76 (40.00)a | 277 (30.41)B | 59 (33.52)a |
| 1x/days | 1,093 (30.46) | 281 (27.28)B | 74 (25.78)a | 376 (37.83)A | 47 (24.74)a | 261 (28.65)B | 54 (30.68)a |
| A few/days | 930 (25.92) | 278 (26.99)B | 56 (19.51)ab | 198 (19.92)C | 28 (14.74)b | 319 (35.02)A | 52 (28.98)a |
| Avocado | |||||||
| Daily | 67 (1.87) | 5 (0.49)A | 2 (0.70)a | 17 (1.71)A | 3 (1.58)a | 38 (4.17)A | 2 (1.14)a |
| A few/weeks | 470 (13.10) | 85 (8.25)B | 16 (5.57)a | 137 (13.78)B | 11 (5.79)a | 198 (21.73)A | 23 (13.07)a |
| A few/months | 1,240 (34.56) | 326 (31.65)B | 74 (25.78)a | 366 (36.82)AB | 54 (28.42)a | 370 (40.61)A | 50 (28.41)a |
| A few/years | 782 (21.79) | 282 (27.38)A | 87 (30.31)a | 215 (21.63)A | 36 (18.95)b | 128 (14.05)B | 34 (19.32)b |
| No | 1,029 (28.60) | 332 (32.23)A | 108 (37.63)a | 259 (26.06)B | 86 (45.26)a | 177 (19.43)C | 67 (38.07)a |
| Legumes | |||||||
| Daily | 80 (2.23) | 28 (2.72)A | 4 (1.39)a | 12 (1.21)A | 5 (2.63)a | 29 (3.18)A | 2 (1.14)a |
| A few/weeks | 527 (14.69) | 127 (12.33)B | 35 (12.20)a | 137 (13.78)AB | 24 (12.63)a | 174 (19.10)A | 30 (17.05)a |
| A few/months | 1,314 (36.62) | 351 (34.08)B | 108 (37.63)a | 402 (40.44)A | 70 (36.84)a | 322 (35.35)AB | 61 (34.66)a |
| A few/years | 980 (27.31) | 324 (31.46)A | 80 (27.87)a | 262 (26.36)AB | 45 (23.68)a | 216 (23.71)B | 53 (30.11)a |
| No | 687 (19.15) | 200 (19.42)A | 60 (20.91)a | 181 (18.21)A | 46 (24.21)a | 170 (18.66)A | 30 (17.05)a |
| Whole grain | |||||||
| Daily | 889 (24.78) | 266 (25.83)A | 63 (21.95)a | 249 (25.05)A | 54 (28.42)a | 215 (23.60)A | 42 (23.86)a |
| A few/weeks | 1,355 (37.76) | 378 (36.70)A | 97 (33.80)a | 390 (39.24)A | 65 (34.21)a | 360 (39.52)A | 65 (36.93)a |
| A few/months | 907 (25.28) | 276 (26.80)A | 78 (27.18)a | 240 (24.14)A | 42 (22.11)a | 228 (25.03)A | 43 (24.43)a |
| A few/years | 273 (7.61) | 79 (7.67)A | 28 (9.76)a | 70 (7.04)A | 13 (6.84)a | 67 (7.35)A | 16 (9.09)a |
| No | 164 (4.57) | 31 (3.01)A | 21 (7.32)a | 45 (4.53)A | 16 (8.42)a | 41 (4.50)A | 10 (5.68)a |
| Dairy | |||||||
| Daily | 1,400 (39.02) | 381 (36.99)B | 93 (32.40)a | 449 (45.17)A | 63 (33.16)a | 339 (37.21)B | 75 (42.61)a |
| A few/weeks | 1,435 (39.99) | 434 (42.14)A | 129 (44.95)a | 372 (37.42)A | 89 (46.84)a | 341 (37.43)A | 70 (39.77)a |
| A few/months | 504 (14.05) | 150 (14.56)A | 50 (17.42)a | 107 (10.76)A | 26 (13.68)a | 148 (16.25)A | 23 (13.07)a |
| A few/years | 51 (1.42) | 11 (1.07)A | 3 (1.05)a | 15 (1.51)A | 6 (3.16)a | 15 (1.65)A | 1 (0.57)a |
| No | 198 (5.52) | 54 (5.24)A | 12 (4.18)a | 51 (5.13)A | 6 (3.16)a | 68 (7.46)A | 7 (3.98)a |
| Eggs (two pieces) | |||||||
| Daily | 269 (7.50) | 69 (6.70)A | 22 (7.67)a | 51 (5.13)A | 8 (4.21)a | 99 (10.87)A | 20 (11.36)a |
| A few/weeks | 1,782 (49.67) | 530 (51.46)A | 153 (53.31)a | 443 (44.57)A | 89 (46.84)a | 467 (51.26)A | 100 (56.82)a |
| A few/months | 1,230 (34.28) | 360 (34.95)A | 102 (35.54)a | 393 (39.54)A | 71 (37.37)a | 258 (28.32)B | 46 (26.14)a |
| A few/years | 140 (3.90) | 32 (3.11)A | 6 (2.09)a | 62 (6.24)A | 13 (6.48)a | 23 (2.52)A | 4 (2.27)a |
| No | 167 (4.65) | 39 (3.79)A | 4 (1.39)a | 45 (4.53)A | 9 (4.74)a | 64 (7.03)A | 6 (3.41)a |
| Fish | |||||||
| Daily | 17 (0.47) | 3 (0.29)A | 1 (0.35)a | 6 (0.60)A | 1 (0.53)a | 6 (0.66)A | 0 (0.00)a |
| A few/weeks | 503 (14.02) | 93 (9.03)B | 25 (8.71)a | 154 (15.49)A | 24 (12.63)a | 180 (19.76)A | 27 (15.34)a |
| A few/months | 2,025 (56.44) | 607 (58.93)A | 171 (61.67)a | 534 (53.72)A | 110 (57.89)a | 495 (54.34)A | 102 (57.95)a |
| A few/years | 648 (18.06) | 238 (23.11)A | 56 (19.51)a | 177 (17.81)AB | 30 (15.79)a | 114 (12.51)B | 33 (18.75)a |
| No | 395 (11.01) | 89 (8.64)A | 28 (9.76)a | 123 (12.37)A | 25 (13.16)a | 116 (12.73)A | 14 (7.95)a |
| Meat | |||||||
| Daily | 790 (22.02) | 202 (19.61)A | 125 (43.55)ab | 118 (11.87)B | 63 (33.16)b | 196 (21.51)A | 86 (48.86)a |
| A few/weeks | 1,846 (51.45) | 558 (54.17)A | 119 (41.46)a | 532 (53.52)A | 95 (50.00)a | 473 (51.92)A | 69 (39.20)a |
| A few/months | 510 (14.21) | 142 (13.79)B | 25 (8.71)a | 206 (20.72)A | 14 (7.37)a | 111 (12.18)B | 12 (6.82)a |
| A few/years | 80 (2.23) | 19 (1.84)A | 4 (1.39)a | 32 (3.22)A | 5 (2.63)a | 19 (2.09)A | 1 (0.57)a |
| No | 362 (10.09) | 109 (10.58)A | 14 (4.88)a | 106 (10.66)A | 13 (6.84)a | 112 (12.29)A | 8 (4.55)a |
| Nuts | |||||||
| Daily | 174 (4.85) | 34 (3.30)A | 15 (5.23)a | 59 (5.94)A | 9 (4.74)a | 51 (5.60)A | 6 (3.41)a |
| A few/weeks | 615 (17.14) | 151 (14.66)A | 45 (15.68)a | 166 (16.70)A | 25 (13.16)a | 188 (20.64)A | 40 (22.73)a |
| A few/months | 1,383 (38.55) | 411 (39.90)A | 102 (35.54)a | 389 (39.13)A | 70 (36.84)a | 347 (38.09)A | 64 (36.36)a |
| A few/years | 894 (24.92) | 275 (26.70)A | 76 (26.48)a | 251 (25.25)A | 45 (23.68)a | 207 (22.72)A | 40 (22.73)a |
| No | 522 (14.55) | 159 (15.44)A | 49 (17.09)a | 129 (12.98)A | 41 (21.58)a | 118 (12.95)A | 26 (14.77)a |
| Fermented food | |||||||
| Daily | 55 (1.53) | 12 (1.17)A | 2 (0.70)a | 24 (2.41)A | 5 (2.63)a | 11 (1.21)A | 1 (0.57)a |
| A few/weeks | 375 (10.45) | 131 (12.72)A | 35 (12.20)a | 61 (6.14)B | 15 (7.89)a | 119 (13.06)A | 14 (7.95)a |
| A few/months | 1,547 (43.16) | 532 (51.65)A | 148 (51.57)a | 330 (33.20)B | 65 (34.21)b | 388 (42.59)C | 84 (47.73)ab |
| A few/years | 927 (25.84) | 257 (24.95)A | 71 (24.74)a | 305 (30.68)AB | 54 (28.42)a | 197 (21.62)B | 43 (24.43)a |
| No | 684 (19.06) | 98 (9.51)B | 31 (10.80)b | 274 (27.57)A | 51 (26.84)a | 196 (21.51)A | 34 (19.32)ab |
ABCValues with different letters in the same row are significantly different at p <0.05 in the female group (Kruskal–Wallis test). abcValues with different letters in the same row are significantly different at p <0.05 in the male group (Kruskal–Wallis test).