Table 1.
Characteristics of studies regarding healthy population.
| Authors | Region | Year published | Time of study | Design | Number | Sex | Age, years | Population | Study quality (NIH) | Method of body composition evaluation | Sarcopenia indicator | Excessive weight indicator | Definition of SO | SO prevalence | Assessment of outcomes related to SO | Control group |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gontarev S et al. (36) | North Macedonia | 2020 | 2017 | CS | 4021 | 49.4% male | range: 6-10 mean: 8.6 | Healthy children from primary schools | 6 | BIA, dynamometer | MFR= SMM/BFM, grip-to-BMI ratio= maximal handgrip strength/BMI | NA | mean MFR-2SD of the 3rdBMI quintile/estimation of cut-off points of grip-to-BMI ratio | boys: 9.2% girls: 5.9% total: 7.5% | NA | no |
| Steffl M et al. (42) | Czech Republic | 2017 | 2015 | CS | 730 | 51.64% male | range: 4-14 | Healthy children and adolescents | 6 | BIA, dynamometer | MFR= SMM/BFM, grip-to-BMI ratio=maximal handgrip strength/BMI | NA | mean MFR-2SD of the 3rdBMI quintile)/estimation of cut-off points of grip-to-BMI ratio | boys: 7.2% girls: 9.3% | NA | no |
| Gätjens I et al. (45) | Germany | 2021 | since 1996 | CS | 15 392 | 49.38% male | range: 5-17 | Healthy children and adolescents | 6 | BIA | FM/FFM, FM/FFM2 | age and sex-specific reference percentiles of BMI in children and adolescents according to Kromeyer-Hauschild et al., 2001, BMI>90 th percentile of the study population | FM/FFM >90th percentile/FM/FFM2>90th percentile | boys: 62.7% girls: 69.7% | NA | no |
| McCarthy HD et al. (25) | UK | 2013 | 2003-2004 | CS | 1985 | 56.22% male | range: 5-18.8 | Healthy schoolchildren | 6 | BIA | MFR= SMMa/FM | highest fifth of BMI-z score for age range and sex | below mean MFR-2 SD of the middle fifth of the BMI range, highest fifth of BMI-z score for age range and sex | boys 5-10y: 8.31% boys 10-18y: 9.67% girls 5-10y: 15.48% girls 10-18y: 5.66% | NA | no |
| Stefanaki Ch et al. (48) | Italy | 2016 | 2009-2012 | CC | 2551 | lean group 16% females, overweight 95% females | range: 18-21 | Healthy lean group, healthy overweight group | 6 | BIA | SMM | BMI between 25 and 35, fat mass as body weight percentage >25% for males and >32% for females | lower SMM in comparison with healthy lean group | NA | hsCRP, cortisol concentration at 8 a.m. and 8 p.m. | yes- gender and age range matched |
| Kim K et al. (33) | Republic of Korea | 2016 | 2009-2011 | CS | 1919 | 53.36% male | range: 10-18 | Healthy non-institutionalized Korean children and adolescents | 7 | DXA | MFR=ASM/body fat mass | BMI≥85th percentile for sex and age according to Standard Growth Charts of Korean children and adolescents published by the KCDC and Korean Pediatric Society in 2007, highest quintile of BMI | mean MFR-1SD of the 3rdBMI quintile | boys: 32.1% girls: 24.3% | Metabolic syndrome components (BP, glucose level, TG, HDL-C, WC) | no |
| Moon JH et al. (37) | Republic of Korea | 2018 | 2008-2011 | CS | 1233 | 53.69% male | range:12-18 | Healthy Korean adolescents | 7 | DXA | ASM, ASM/Wt(%) | WHtR>0.47 in both sexes | lower 10% of gender-specific ASM/Wt (%), WHtR>0.47 in both sexes | boys: 81.3% girls: 62.6% | Mental health | no |
| Kim JH et al. (41) | Republic of Korea | 2016 | 2009-2011 | CS | 1420 | 52.75% male | range:12-19 | Healthy Korean adolescents | 7 | DXA | ASM/Wt | WC at least 90th percentile for age and sex according to National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III Criteria | ASM/Wt below lower quintile for the study population, WC at least 90th percentile | NA | NA | no |
| Burrows R et al. (43) | Chile | 2015 | NA | CS | 667 | 52.2% male | range:16-17 mean: 16.8 | Healthy Chilean adolescents of middle to low SES | 6 | DXA | FFMI-estimated according to Wells and Fewtrell | BMI Z-score≥2 according to WHO, WC ≥80 cm in females, WC ≥ 90 cm in males | FFMI as percentage ≤25th percentile in sample (adjusted for sex), BMI Z-score≥2/WC ≥80 cm in females, WC ≥ 90 cm in males | NA | Metabolic syndrome components (BP, fasting serum total glucose, TG, HDL-C), insulin, HOMA-IR, cholesterol, adiponectin, hsCRP | no |
| Burrows R et al. (44) | Chile | 2015 | NA | CS | 667 | 52.2% male | range:16-17 mean: 16.8 | Healthy Chilean adolescents of middle to low SES | 7 | DXA | FFMI-estimated according to Wells and Fewtrell | BMI Z-score≥2 according to WHO,WC ≥80 cm in females, WC ≥ 90 cm in males | FFMI as percentage of BMI ≤25th percentile in sample (adjusted for sex),BMI Z-score≥2/WC ≥80 cm in females, WC ≥ 90 cm in males | NA | Metabolic syndrome components (BP, fasting serum total glucose, TG, HDL-C), insulin, HOMA-IR, cholesterol, adiponectin, hsCRP | no |
| Palacio-Agüero A et al. ( 39) | Chile | 2020 | 2018 | CS | 491 | 51.73% male | range: 10-17 mean: 13.6 | Healthy Chilean adolescents | 7 | dynamometer | RHGS =maximum HGS from dominant hand/BMI | BMI-for-age value over +1 SD according to WHO, WC according to the guidelines from Chilean Ministry of Health | RHGS<25th percentile by sex, BMI-for-age over +1 SD/WC according to the guidelines from Chilean Ministry of Health | NA | NA | no |
ASM, appendicular skeletal muscle mass; BFM, body fat mass; BIA, bioelectrical impedance analysis; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CC, case–control; CS, cross-sectional; DXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; FFMI, fat-free mass index; FM, fat mass; FMI, fat mass index; HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HGS, handgrip strength; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; MFR, skeletal muscle-to-body fat ratio; NA, not available; RHGS, relative handgrip strength; SES, socioeconomic status; SMM, skeletal muscle mass; SMMa, appendicular skeletal muscle mass; TG, triglyceride; WC, waist circumference; WHtR, waist circumference-to-height ratio; Wt, weight.