Table 2.
Characteristics of studies concerning overweight/obese children and adolescents.
| Authors | Region | Year published | Time of study | Design | Number | sex | Age, years | Population | Study quality (NIH) | Method of body composition evaluation | Sarcopenia indicator | Excessive weight indicator | Definition of SO | SO prevalence | Assessment of outcomes related to SO | Control group |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Videira-Silva A et al. (34) | Portugal | 2017 | NA | R, CS | 240 | 47.9% male | range: 10-17 | Overweight adolescents attending a Pediatric Outpatient Obesity Clinic |
8 | BIA | %SMM=SMM/body weight MFR=SMM/BFM |
BMI≥85th percentile for sex and age | %SMM≤p25 according to reference charts for youth McCarthy H.D. et al. | boys: 33.3% girls: 20,2% total: 26.9% |
BP, glucose level, insulin level, HOMA-IR, total cholesterol, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, CRP | no |
| Pacifico L et al. (35) | Italy | 2020 | NA | O, CS | 234 | 56.41% male | range: 6-18 | Overweight/obese children and adolescents attending Outpatient Clinics of the Department of Pediatrics | 6 | DXA | RMM=100x muscle mass/muscle mass+fat mass, ASM/weight index= ASM/weight x100 |
BMI> 85th percentile for sex and age | tertile 1 of RMM/tertile 1 of ASM/weight index | boys: 28.79% girls: 39.22% total: 33.33% |
Metabolic syndrome components (WC, BP, glucose, HDL-C,TG),assessment of liver function(ALT, AST, liver US, liver biopsy),insulin, HOMA-IR, total cholesterol |
no |
| Yodoshi T et al. (47) | USA | 2020 | 2009-2018 | R, CS | 100 histology cohort, 263 liver stiffness cohort, 95 liver PDFF cohort |
histology 65% male, liver stiffness 68% male, liver PDFF 77% male |
<20 | Patients with NAFLD | 7 | MRI | tPMSA index= tPMSA/height2 | BMI≥85th percentile for sex and age, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth charts | lower median tPMSA index in comparison with subjects with NAS<5 | NA | NAFLD activity score (NAS), liver stiffness, liver fat fraction | no |
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ASM, appendicular skeletal muscle mass; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BFM, body fat mass; BIA, bioelectrical impedance analysis; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CS, cross-sectional; CRP, C-reactive protein; DXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MFR, skeletal muscle-to-body fat ratio; MRI, magnetic resonance imagining; NA, not available; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; NAS, NAFLD activity score; O, observational; PDFF, proton density fat fraction; R, retrospective; RMM, relative muscle mass; SMM, skeletal muscle mass; TG, triglyceride; tPMSA, total psoas muscle surface area; US, ultrasonography; WC, waist circumference.