Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics of the cohort according to income quintile.
| Income quintiles | 1 (lowest) | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 (highest) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 39 348 | n = 35 956 | n = 37 520 | n = 37 778 | n = 37 573 | ||
| Mean income (thousands of euros) | 2.3 (4.3) | 9.9 (8.3) | 16.6 (10.4) | 26.8 (13.0) | 57.9 (25.6) | <0.001 |
| Demographics | ||||||
| Mean age, years | 74.2 (13.2) | 72.4 (12.8) | 72.9 (13.0) | 72.6 (13.0) | 72.6 (12.9) | <0.001 |
| Mean cohort entry year | 2014 (2.6) | 2014 (2.5) | 2014 (2.6) | 2014 (2.6) | 2014 (2.6) | <0.001 |
| Female sex | 24 954 (63.4) | 20 631 (57.4) | 19 554 (52.1) | 16 360 (43.3) | 11 821 (31.5) | <0.001 |
| Highest education level | ||||||
| Primary school | 29 827 (75.8) | 23 699 (65.9) | 23 154 (61.7) | 20 269 (53.7) | 15 235 (40.5) | <0.001 |
| Upper secondary education | 7 983 (20.3) | 9 554 (26.6) | 9 998 (26.6) | 9 211 (24.4) | 6 300 (16.8) | <0.001 |
| Higher education | 1 538 (3.9) | 2 703 (7.5) | 4 368 (11.6) | 8 298 (22.0) | 16 038 (42.7) | <0.001 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Abnormal liver function | 274 (0.7) | 208 (0.6) | 182 (0.5) | 171 (0.5) | 163 (0.4) | <0.001 |
| Abnormal renal function | 2 034 (5.2) | 1 571 (4.4) | 1 663 (4.4) | 1 546 (4.1) | 1 449 (3.9) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol abuse | 3 184 (8.1) | 1 676 (4.7) | 1 264 (3.4) | 1 130 (3.0) | 921 (2.5) | <0.001 |
| Cancer | 7 743 (19.7) | 7 181 (20.0) | 7 989 (21.3) | 7 984 (21.1) | 8 738 (23.3) | <0.001 |
| Coronary heart disease | 9 994 (25.4) | 8 308 (23.1) | 8 674 (23.1) | 8 473 (22.4) | 7 867 (20.9) | <0.001 |
| Dementia | 2 710 (6.9) | 1 930 (5.4) | 1 920 (5.1) | 1 816 (4.8) | 1 582 (4.2) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 10 535 (26.8) | 8 791 (24.4) | 8 681 (23.1) | 8 021 (21.2) | 7 149 (19.0) | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 19 694 (50.1) | 18 538 (51.6) | 19 265 (51.3) | 19 306 (51.1) | 18 869 (50.2) | <0.001 |
| Heart failure | 9 105 (23.1) | 6 555 (18.2) | 6 312 (16.8) | 5 781 (15.3) | 4 800 (12.8) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 30 663 (77.9) | 27 735 (77.1) | 28 783 (76.7) | 28 375 (75.1) | 27 450 (73.1) | <0.001 |
| Prior bleeding | 5 037 (12.8) | 4 014 (11.2) | 4 190 (11.2) | 4 204 (11.1) | 4 045 (10.8) | <0.001 |
| Prior ischemic stroke | 5 265 (13.4) | 4 119 (11.5) | 4 241 (11.3) | 4 001 (10.6) | 3 712 (9.9) | <0.001 |
| Prior myocardial infarction | 4 112 (10.5) | 3 306 (9.2) | 3 368 (9.0) | 3 313 (8.8) | 2 835 (7.5) | <0.001 |
| Psychiatric disorder | 8 910 (22.6) | 5 942 (16.5) | 5 088 (13.6) | 4 418 (11.7) | 3 679 (9.8) | <0.001 |
| CHA2DS2-VASc score | 3.8 (1.9) | 3.6 (1.9) | 3.5 (1.9) | 3.3 (1.9) | 3.1 (1.8) | <0.001 |
| Modified HAS-BLED score (max 8) | 2.7 (1.0) | 2.6 (1.0) | 2.6 (1.0) | 2.6 (1.0) | 2.5 (1.0) | <0.001 |
Values denote n (%) or mean (standard deviation). Abbreviations: CHA2DS2-VASc, congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥ 75 years, diabetes, history of stroke or TIA, vascular disease, age 65–74 years, sex category (female); modified HAS-BLED score, hypertension, abnormal renal or liver function, prior stroke, bleeding history, age > 65 years, alcohol abuse, concomitant antiplatelet/NSAIDs (no labile INR, max score 8).