Table 5.

Assessment for ROB^a and applicability for prognostic models with the Prediction model ROB Assessment Tool checklist.

Authors	ROB and applicability
	Participants		Predictors		Outcome			Analysis		Overall judgment
	ROB	Applicability	ROB	Applicability	ROB	Applicability	ROB		ROB		Applicability
Pirracchio et al [1]	Lowb	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low		Low		Low
Nielsen et al [24]	Low	Low	Unclearc	Low	Unclear	Low	Low		Unclear		Low
Nimgaonkar et al [25]	Low	Unclear	Low	Low	Low	Low	Highd		High		Unclear
Xia et al [26]	Low	Low	Low	Low	Unclear	Low	High		High		Low
Purushotham et al [27]	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low		Low		Low
Nanayakkara et al [28]	Low	Unclear	Low	Low	Low	Low	High		High		Unclear
Meyer et al [29]	Low	Unclear	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low		Low		Unclear
Meiring et al [7]	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	High		High		Low
Lin et al [30]	Low	Unclear	Low	Low	Low	Low	High		High		Unclear
Krishnan et al [31]	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	High		High		Low
Kang et al [32]	Low	Unclear	Low	Low	Low	Low	High		High		Unclear
Johnson et al [33]	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low		Low		Low
Holmgren et al [34]	Low	Low	Low	Low	Unclear	Low	High		High		Low
Garcia-Gallo et al [35]	Low	Unclear	Low	Low	Low	Low	High		High		Unclear
El-Rashidy et al [36]	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low		Low		Low
Silva et al [37]	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	High		High		Low
Caicedo-Torres et al [38]	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	High		High		Low
Deshmukh et al [39]	Low	Unclear	Low	Low	Low	Low	High		High		Unclear
Ryan et al [40]	Low	Low	Unclear	Low	Low	Low	Low		Unclear		Low
Mayaud et al [41]	Low	Unclear	Low	Unclear	Low	Low	High		High		Unclear

^aROB: risk of bias.

^bLow risk: no relevant shortcomings in ROB assessment.

^cUnclear risk: unclear ROB in at least one domain and all other domains at low ROB.

^dHigh risk: relevant shortcomings in the ROB assessment, at least one domain with high ROB, or model developed without external validation.