TABLE 2.
Study and population characteristics.
| Author, year | Women with T1DM (n) | PE prevalence in T1DM, n (%) a | Duration of T1DM (years) b | Age distribution (years) c | Ethnicity | Country |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Basu et al. (2015) | 47 | 24 (35.9%) | T1DM + PE+: 16.8 ± 6.8 | T1DM + PE+: 28.5 ± 5.6 | 86% Caucasian | Australia, United States, Norway d |
| T1DM + PE−: 14.8 ± 7.0 | T1DM + PE−: 29.9 ± 3.8 | |||||
| Cavero-Redondo et al. (2018) | 2559 (pooled) | 11.0–28.6% | 8.4–15.4 | 23.5–29.7 | Not recorded | 4 studies pertaining to 5 cohorts originating from Finland, the United Kingdom, Denmark, and Bulgaria |
| Gutaj et al. (2017) | 165 | 16 (9.7%) | Control: 12 ± 7 | Control: 29 ± 4 | Caucasian | Poland |
| Gestational HTN: 12 ± 8 | Gestational HTN: 29 ± 7 | |||||
| PE+: 17 ± 7 | PE+: 27 ± 4 | |||||
| Kapustin et al. (2020) | 100 | 25 (25%) | Not recorded | 27.2–30.1 | Not recorded | Russia |
| Kelly et al. (2017) | 47 | 24 (35.9%) | T1DM + PE+: 16.8 ± 6.8 | T1DM + PE+: 28.5 ± 5.6 | 86% Caucasian | Australia, the United States, and Norway d |
| T1DM + PE−: 14.8 ± 7.0 | T1DM + PE−: 29.9 ± 3.8 | |||||
| Kelly et al. (2018) | 47 | 23 (35.9%) | T1DM + PE+: 16.8 ± 6.8 | T1DM + PE+: 28.5 ± 5.6 | 86% Caucasian | Australia, the United States, and Norway d |
| T1DM + PE−: 14.8 ± 7.0 | T1DM + PE−: 29.9 ± 3.8 | |||||
| Kelly et al. (2019) | 47 | 23 (35.9%) | T1DM + PE+: 16.8 ± 6.8 | T1DM + PE+: 28.5 ± 5.6 | 86% Caucasian | Australia, the United States, and Norway d |
| T1DM + PE−: 14.8 ± 7.0 | T1DM + PE−: 29.9 ± 3.8 | |||||
| Kelly et al. (2020) | 47 | 24 (35.9%) | T1DM + PE+: 16.8 ± 6.8 | T1DM + PE+: 28.5 ± 5.6 | 86% Caucasian | Australia, the United States, and Norway d |
| T1DM + PE−: 14.8 ± 7.0 | T1DM + PE−: 29.9 ± 3.8 | |||||
| Klemetti et al. (2016) | 1094 | 260 (23.7%) | White B: 4 (0–9) | White B: 31.5 ± 4.4 | Not recorded | Finland |
| White C: 13 (2–19) | White C: 29.7 ± 5.4 | |||||
| White D: 22 (6–36) | White D: 30.8 ± 5.2 | |||||
| White R: 24 (11–36) | White R: 31.6 ± 4.4 | |||||
| White F: 20 (10–34) | White F: 30.0 ± 4.9 | |||||
| Lauszus and Fuglsang (2016) | 97 | 32 (33%) | Normoalbuminuric: 12 ± 8 | Normoalbuminuric: 28 ± 4 | Not recorded | Denmark |
| Microalbuminuric: 14 ± 8 | Microalbuminuric: 27 ± 5 | |||||
| Macroalbuminuric: 20 ± 5 | Macroalbuminuric: 30 ± 4 | |||||
| Maresh et al. (2015) | 725 | 120 (17%) | 14.5 ± 8.2 | 29·5 ± 5.6 | 96.5% Caucasian | United Kingdom e |
| 0.5% Black | ||||||
| 1.5% Asian | ||||||
| 1.5% Other/not known | ||||||
| Nielsen et al. (2018) | 88 | 14 (16%) | T1DM + PE+: 16.2 ± 7.5 | T1DM + PE+: 29.5 ± 5.9 | Caucasian | Denmark |
| T1DM + PE−: 13.3 ± 8.9 | T1DM + PE−: 29.9 ± 4.5 | |||||
| Perea et al. (2019) | 77 | 14 (18%) | IAH: 19.4 ± 8.6 | IAH: 33.7 ± 3.2 | Caucasian | Spain |
| NAH: 16.1 ± 8.6 | NAH: 34.4 ± 4.0 | |||||
| Tsiakkas et al. (2015) | 228 | 11 (4.8%) | Not recorded | 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 w: 31.1 (26.6–34.9) | 72.5–73.1 Caucasian | United Kingdom |
| 19 + 0 to 24 + 6 w: 31.1 (26.6–34.8) | 17.7–19.2% Afro-Caribbean | |||||
| 30 + 0 to 37 + 6 w: 31.1 (26.7–34.8) | 3.7–4.5% South Asian | |||||
| 2.0–2.3% East Asian | ||||||
| 2.2–2.5% Mixed | ||||||
| Vestgaard et al. (2017b) | 198 | 16 (8%) | Preterm delivery: 15.0 (0.5–32.0) | Preterm delivery: 31 (19–39) | Caucasian | 2 cohorts from Denmark |
| Term delivery: 15.0 (0.5–38.0) | Term delivery: 30 (21–43) | |||||
| Vestgaard et al. (2017a) | 11,518 (pooled) | 9.3–33.5% | Not recorded | Not recorded | Not recorded | 11 studies pertaining to 11 cohorts from Italy, Denmark, United Kingdom, Sweden, Finland, the United States, and United Kingdom |
| Wotherspoon et al. (2016b) | 710 | 120 (17%) | 14.5 ± 8.2 | 29·5 ± 5.6 | 96.5% Caucasian | United Kingdom e |
| 0.5% Black | ||||||
| 1.5% Asian | ||||||
| 1.5% Other/not known | ||||||
| Xiang et al. (2018) | 3239 (pooled) | 8.5–30.8% | Not recorded | 25–40 | Not recorded | 11 studies pertaining to 11 cohorts from Poland, Slovakia, Brazil, Finland, Italy, Denmark, the United States of America, United Kingdom, and Sweden |
HTN, hypertension; IAH, impaired awareness of hypoglycemia; NAH, normal awareness of hypoglycemia; T1DM + PE+, women with T1DM who developed pre-eclampsia; T1DM + PE−, women with T1DM who did not develop pre-eclampsia; w, weeks; y, years.
a
PE prevalence within the T1DM, group of the cohort, given as a range for systematic reviews.
b
Data given as mean ± SD, range or median (range).
c
Data given as mean ± SD, mean, range, or mean (interquartile range).
d
Studies by Basu et al. (2015), Kelly et al. (2017), Tsiakkas et al. (2015), Kelly et al. (2019), and Kelly et al. (2020) were based on participants from the same cohort.
e
Studies by Maresh et al. (2015) and Wotherspoon et al. (2016b) were based on participants from the same cohort.