Table 2.
Use of sleep and pain medications in chronic pain patients sleeping normally or with sleep problems.
| n* | Sleeping normally | Sleep problems | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61 | 198 | ||
| Using prescribed sleep medication regularly (3 or more nights per week): n (%) | 2 (3.3) | 55 (27.8) | <0.001 |
| Reported use of: n (%) | |||
| Benzodiazepine derivatives | |||
| Temazepam | 0 (0.0) | 11 (5.5) | 0.06 |
| Diazepam | 0 (0.0) | 9 (4.5) | 0.12 |
| Zolpidem | 0 (0.0) | 25 (12.6) | 0.004 |
| Melatonin | 1 (1.6) | 25 (12.6) | 0.01 |
| Quetiapine | 0 (0.0) | 11 (5.5) | 0.07 |
| Mirtazapine | 1 (1.6) | 11 (5.5) | 0.31 |
| Pain medications in regular use: n (%) | |||
| Paracetamol (acetaminophen) | 5 (8.2) | 34 (17.2) | 0.09 |
| NSAIDs | 3 (4.9) | 48 (24.2) | 0.001 |
| Amitriptyline/nortriptyline | 5 (8.2) | 39 (19.7) | 0.04 |
| Venlafaxine/duloxetine | 1 (1.6) | 22 (11.1) | 0.02 |
| Carbamazepine/oxcarbazepine/lamotrigine | 8 (13.1) | 7 (3.5) | 0.01 |
| Gabapentin/pregabalin | 7 (11.5) | 51 (25.8) | 0.02 |
| Codeine/tramadol | 2 (3.3) | 52 (26.3) | <0.001 |
| Buprenorphine | 4 (6.6) | 20 (10.1) | 0.40 |
| Oxycodone/morphine/hydromorphone/fentanyl | 0 (0.0) | 6 (3.0) | 0.34 |
*
Differences in n with respect to original categorization are due to missing data. Bold indicates P values <0.05.
NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.