Table 1.
Mean ± standard deviation values of cardiorespiratory parameters, in dogs treated with ketamine (GK: bolus 0.5 mg kg−1; CRI 20 µg kg−1 min−1 in intra- and postoperative periods), fentanyl (GF: bolus 5 µg kg−1; intraoperative CRI 5 µg kg−1 h−1 and postoperative CRI 2 µg kg−1 h−1), or combination of ketamine-fentanyl (GKF: aforementioned doses) in intraoperative period
| Anaesthesia (minutes) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Group | Baseline | 5 | 15 | 25 | 35 | 45 | 55 | 65 | 75 |
|
HR (beats minute−1) |
GK | 104 ± 13 | 129 ± 27 | 126 ± 32a | 120 ± 42a | 123 ± 33a | 117 ± 22a | 120 ± 16a | 113 ± 16a | 115 ± 13a |
| GKF | 110 ± 22 | 87 ± 9 | 71 ± 8#b | 69 ± 6#b | 72 ± 16#b | 66 ± 14#b | 72 ± 24#b | 75 ± 16#b | 82 ± 16#b | |
| GF | 97 ± 35 | 113 ± 32 | 88 ± 25ab | 57 ± 15#b | 58 ± 10#a.b | 71 ± 13b | 68 ± 15#b | 66 ± 11#b | 69 ± 12#b | |
|
fR (breaths minute−1) |
GK | 30 ± 10 | 17 ± 1# | 17 ± 1# | 16 ± 1# | 15 ± 1# | 15 ± 1# | 16 ± 2# | 16 ± 2# | 16 ± 2# |
| GKF | 34 ± 14 | 17 ± 2# | 16 ± 1# | 15 ± 2# | 15 ± 1# | 15 ± 1# | 14 ± 3# | 15 ± 1# | 14 ± 3# | |
| GF | 28 ± 4# | 20 ± 5# | 14 ± 2 | 15 ± 3# | 15 ± 4# | 15 ± 2# | 17 ± 2# | 17 ± 1# | 17 ± 1# | |
|
MAP (mmHg) |
GK | - | 75 ± 14 | 70 ± 16 | 74 ± 13 | 90 ± 8a | 81 ± 13 | 78 ± 10 | 77 ± 11 | 77 ± 9 |
| GKF | - | 74 ± 7 | 72 ± 9 | 60 ± 14 | 66 ± 10b | 72 ± 12 | 76 ± 15 | 77 ± 6 | 79 ± 9 | |
| GF | - | 73 ± 6 | 75 ± 8 | 73 ± 2 | 81 ± 15ab | 89 ± 20 | 65 ± 40 | 87 ± 25 | 74 ± 10 | |
|
SpO2 (%) |
GK | - | 99 ± 2 | 99 ± 2 | 99 ± 2 | 99 ± 1 | 99 ± 1 | 99 ± 1 | 99 ± 1 | 99 ± 2 |
| GKF | - | 98 ± 1 | 98 ± 1 | 97 ± 2 | 97 ± 2 | 97 ± 2 | 97 ± 1 | 97 ± 1 | 98 ± 1 | |
| GF | - | 99 ± 1 | 99 ± 1 | 99 ± 1 | 99 ± 1 | 98 ± 2 | 98 ± 1 | 98 ± 1 | 98 ± 1 | |
| FE´CO2 (mmHg) | GK | - | 36 ± 6 | 35 ± 6 | 34 ± 3 | 35 ± 4 | 34 ± 2 | 33 ± 5 | 34 ± 5 | 34 ± 5 |
| GKF | - | 27 ± 6 | 31 ± 1 | 31 ± 1 | 30 ± 3 | 32 ± 4 | 31 ± 2 | 32 ± 4 | 32 ± 5 | |
| GF | - | 28 ± 2 | 30 ± 3 | 31 ± 4 | 33 ± 5 | 32 ± 4 | 33 ± 5 | 32 ± 5 | 31 ± 5 | |
a, b, c Significant difference between group. #Significant difference in treatment with a basal time point. HR Heart rate, fR respiratory rate, MAP mean arterial pressure, SpO2 pulse oximetry, FE’CO2 end-tidal carbon dioxide