Table 1.
Sociodemographic, Health Behavior, and Clinical Characteristics by nSC Level, and Stratified by SPD Status (N = 168,573)
|
Low Cohesion n = 53,964 (32.0%) |
Medium Cohesion n = 55,611 (33.0%) |
High Cohesion n = 58,998 (35.0%) |
Total N = 168,573 |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
All N = 53,964 |
No SPD N = 50,717 |
With SPD N = 3247 |
All N = 55,611 |
No SPD N = 54,016 |
With SPD N = 1595 |
All N = 58,998 |
No SPD N = 57,541 |
With SPD N = 1457 |
All N = 168,573 |
No SPD N = 162,274 |
With SPD N = 6299 |
|
| Serious Psychological Distressa (yes) | 6.0% | – | – | 2.9% | – | – | 2.5% | – | – | 3.7% | – | – |
| Age, mean ± SE (years) | 44 ± 0.1 | 44 ± 0.1 | 46 ± 0.4 | 47 ± 0.1 | 47 ± 0.1 | 48 ± 0.6 | 51 ± 0.1 | 51 ± 0.1 | 50 ± 0.6 | 47 ± 0.1 | 47 ± 0.1 | 47 ± 0.3 |
| 18–30 (%) | 18.7 | 18.8 | 16.0 | 16.2 | 16.2 | 15.4 | 13.7 | 13.7 | 12.8 | 16.4 | 16.4 | 15.2 |
| 31–49 (%) | 21.0 | 20.8 | 23.7 | 23.5 | 23.4 | 24.3 | 26.0 | 25.9 | 26.8 | 23.3 | 23.3 | 24.5 |
| ≥ 50 (%) | 60.3 | 60.3 | 60.3 | 60.3 | 60.3 | 60.3 | 60.3 | 60.3 | 60.3 | 60.3 | 60.3 | 60.3 |
| Women (%) | 53.2 | 52.7 | 62.5 | 49.5 | 49.3 | 59.1 | 53.0 | 52.8 | 62.7 | 51.9 | 51.6 | 61.7 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||||||
| Asian (%) | 5.1 | 5.3 | 2.2 | 6.2 | 6.3 | 4.4 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 2.7 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 2.9 |
| Black (%) | 14.2 | 14.3 | 11.6 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.8 | 7.9 | 7.8 | 10.6 | 11.2 | 11.1 | 11.5 |
| Hispanic/Latinx (%) | 19.4 | 19.3 | 20.6 | 14.2 | 14.2 | 14.6 | 10.4 | 10.3 | 13.9 | 14.6 | 14.5 | 17.5 |
| White (%) | 61.3 | 61.0 | 65.7 | 67.9 | 67.8 | 69.1 | 76.8 | 76.9 | 72.8 | 68.9 | 68.9 | 68.1 |
| Marital/Co-habiting status | ||||||||||||
| Married/living with partner or cohabitating (%) | 55.2 | 56.0 | 42.1 | 62.3 | 62.7 | 45.6 | 66.6 | 67.1 | 46.1 | 61.6 | 62.2 | 44.1 |
| Divorced/widowed/no live-In partner (%) | 24.0 | 23.4 | 34.7 | 19.8 | 19.4 | 33.0 | 18.5 | 18.1 | 33.0 | 20.5 | 20.0 | 33.8 |
| Single/no live-in partner (%) | 20.8 | 20.6 | 23.2 | 18.0 | 17.9 | 21.4 | 14.9 | 14.8 | 20.9 | 17.9 | 17.8 | 22.1 |
| Educational attainment | ||||||||||||
| < High school (%) | 13.7 | 13.1 | 23.8 | 9.5 | 9.2 | 22.5 | 8.3 | 8.0 | 21.9 | 10.4 | 9.9 | 23.0 |
| High school graduate (%) | 29.9 | 29.6 | 34.7 | 26.5 | 26.3 | 32.4 | 26.1 | 25.8 | 35.2 | 27.5 | 27.2 | 34.1 |
| Some college (%) | 31.1 | 31.1 | 30.5 | 29.7 | 29.7 | 30.8 | 29.7 | 29.7 | 29.8 | 30.2 | 30.1 | 30.5 |
| ≥ College (%) | 25.3 | 26.3 | 11.0 | 34.3 | 34.8 | 14.4 | 35.9 | 36.4 | 13.1 | 32.0 | 32.7 | 12.3 |
| Annual Household Income | ||||||||||||
| < $35,000 (%) | 37.5 | 35.8 | 62.7 | 26.5 | 25.8 | 53.5 | 23.0 | 22.1 | 54.9 | 28.8 | 27.6 | 58.6 |
| $35,000-$74,999 (%) | 32.1 | 32.4 | 26.2 | 30.1 | 30.2 | 26.3 | 28.0 | 28.1 | 25.3 | 30.1 | 30.3 | 25.9 |
| ≥ $75,000 (%) | 30.5 | 31.8 | 11.2 | 43.3 | 44.0 | 20.2 | 49.0 | 49.8 | 19.8 | 41.1 | 42.1 | 15.4 |
| Occupational Class | ||||||||||||
| Professional/Management (%) | 17.5 | 18.0 | 10.1 | 22.7 | 23.0 | 12.1 | 23.5 | 23.8 | 10.6 | 21.4 | 21.8 | 10.8 |
| Support Services (%) | 44.1 | 44.1 | 44.1 | 44.3 | 44.3 | 45.1 | 46.5 | 46.6 | 42.2 | 45.1 | 45.1 | 43.9 |
| Laborers (%) | 38.4 | 37.9 | 45.7 | 32.9 | 32.7 | 42.8 | 30.0 | 29.6 | 47.2 | 33.5 | 33.1 | 45.3 |
| Unemployed/not in the labor force (%) | 43.9 | 42.0 | 72.5 | 39.9 | 39.0 | 71.0 | 39.8 | 38.9 | 71.6 | 41.1 | 39.9 | 71.9 |
| Living in poverty (< 100% Federal Poverty Level) (%) | 15.5 | 14.3 | 33.9 | 9.9 | 9.4 | 25.3 | 8.1 | 7.6 | 26.4 | 11.0 | 10.3 | 29.8 |
| Other government assistance (%) | 17.9 | 16.5 | 40.3 | 10.8 | 10.2 | 32.4 | 8.1 | 7.6 | 31.3 | 12.1 | 11.3 | 36.1 |
| Region of residence | ||||||||||||
| Northeast (%) | 17.9 | 18.0 | 16.7 | 18.9 | 19.0 | 16.5 | 18.0 | 18.1 | 12.7 | 18.2 | 18.3 | 15.7 |
| Midwest (%) | 21.1 | 21.1 | 21.9 | 22.5 | 22.5 | 21.5 | 23.7 | 23.7 | 23.7 | 22.5 | 22.5 | 22.2 |
| South (%) | 36.4 | 36.2 | 38.7 | 35.6 | 35.6 | 38.4 | 37.8 | 37.8 | 41.3 | 36.7 | 36.6 | 39.3 |
| West (%) | 24.6 | 24.7 | 22.7 | 23.0 | 22.9 | 23.6 | 20.5 | 20.4 | 22.3 | 22.6 | 22.6 | 22.8 |
| Health Behaviors | ||||||||||||
| Sleep duration | ||||||||||||
| < 6 h (%) | 11.8 | 10.6 | 30.8 | 7.9 | 7.4 | 26.2 | 7.5 | 7.0 | 29.4 | 8.9 | 8.2 | 29.4 |
| < 7 h (%) | 24.5 | 24.4 | 26.7 | 22.6 | 22.5 | 26.4 | 20.4 | 20.3 | 25.5 | 22.4 | 22.2 | 26.2 |
| 7–9 h (%) (Recommended) | 59.2 | 60.8 | 33.3 | 65.8 | 66.6 | 37.4 | 68.2 | 69.0 | 35.0 | 64.7 | 65.8 | 34.7 |
| > 9 h (%) | 4.5 | 4.2 | 9.3 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 10.0 | 3.9 | 3.8 | 10.1 | 4.0 | 3.8 | 9.6 |
| Trouble falling asleep (≥ 3 times/week) (%) | 25.5 | 22.9 | 68.0 | 18.7 | 17.4 | 65.1 | 16.7 | 15.6 | 63.7 | 20.1 | 18.4 | 66.4 |
| Trouble staying asleep (≥ 3 times/week) (%) | 32.4 | 30.1 | 69.8 | 26.3 | 25.1 | 69.9 | 24.5 | 23.5 | 66.9 | 27.5 | 25.9 | 69.2 |
| Woke up feeling unrested (≥ 3 days/week) (%) | 50.7 | 48.6 | 84.9 | 42.2 | 41.1 | 82.8 | 37.0 | 36.0 | 79.8 | 42.9 | 41.5 | 83.3 |
| Sleep medication use the past week (≥ 3 times/week) (%) | 11.5 | 9.9 | 35.3 | 8.9 | 8.3 | 32.9 | 9.1 | 8.4 | 37.8 | 9.8 | 8.8 | 35.2 |
| Smoking status | ||||||||||||
| Never/ quit > 12 months priore (%) | 80.4 | 81.6 | 61.4 | 84.7 | 85.3 | 65.2 | 85.6 | 86.2 | 62.0 | 83.7 | 84.5 | 62.7 |
| Quit ≤ 12 months Ago (%) | 1.5 | 1.4 | 2.7 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 2.0 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 2.6 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 2.5 |
| Current (%) | 18.1 | 17.0 | 35.9 | 14.0 | 13.4 | 32.7 | 13.2 | 12.7 | 35.4 | 15.0 | 14.2 | 34.7 |
| Leisure-time physical activity | ||||||||||||
| Never/unable (%) | 38.2 | 37.1 | 54.8 | 30.6 | 30.1 | 49.7 | 28.6 | 28.0 | 52.6 | 32.2 | 31.4 | 53.1 |
| Does not meet PA guidelines (%) | 19.3 | 19.3 | 19.4 | 19.1 | 19.0 | 22.2 | 18.2 | 18.2 | 18.3 | 18.9 | 18.8 | 19.8 |
| Meets PA guidelinesb,e (%) | 42.5 | 43.5 | 25.8 | 50.3 | 50.9 | 28.1 | 53.1 | 53.7 | 29.1 | 49.0 | 49.8 | 27.1 |
| Alcohol status | ||||||||||||
| Never (%) | 20.4 | 20.5 | 19.8 | 18.7 | 18.6 | 20.5 | 19.4 | 19.3 | 21.6 | 19.5 | 19.4 | 20.5 |
| Former (%) | 17.6 | 17.1 | 26.9 | 14.6 | 14.3 | 23.7 | 14.0 | 13.8 | 22.0 | 15.2 | 14.8 | 24.8 |
| Current (%) | 61.9 | 62.5 | 53.3 | 66.7 | 67.0 | 55.8 | 66.6 | 66.8 | 56.5 | 65.3 | 65.7 | 54.7 |
| Clinical Characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Body Mass Index (BMI) | ||||||||||||
| Underweight (< 18.5 kg/m2) | 1.6 | 1.5 | 2.8 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 3.7 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 2.8 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 3.1 |
| Recommended body mass index (18.5- < 25 kg/m2)e (%) | 30.3 | 30.5 | 26.9 | 32.6 | 32.7 | 29.4 | 34.2 | 34.3 | 28.5 | 32.5 | 32.6 | 27.9 |
| Overweight (25–29.9 kg/m2) (%) | 34.0 | 34.4 | 27.6 | 36.0 | 36.2 | 29.7 | 36.0 | 36.1 | 30.3 | 35.4 | 35.6 | 28.7 |
| Obese (≥ 30 kg/m2) (%) | 34.1 | 33.6 | 42.6 | 29.8 | 29.6 | 37.1 | 28.2 | 28.0 | 38.4 | 30.5 | 30.2 | 40.4 |
| Dyslipidemia (yes)c,e (%) | 50.9 | 49.8 | 64.1 | 48.6 | 48.2 | 58.6 | 50.2 | 49.7 | 64.3 | 49.8 | 49.1 | 62.7 |
| Hypertension (yes)e (%) | 38.6 | 37.7 | 53.0 | 35.3 | 34.9 | 51.4 | 33.9 | 33.4 | 53.4 | 35.7 | 35.1 | 52.6 |
| Prediabetes/ diabetes (yes)e (%) | 20.9 | 20.2 | 31.5 | 17.4 | 17.0 | 30.9 | 15.4 | 15.1 | 28.7 | 17.6 | 17.1 | 30.1 |
| “Ideal” Cardiovascular Health (yes)d (%) | 7.4 | 7.7 | 2.8 | 10.2 | 10.4 | 3.7 | 11.4 | 11.6 | 2.9 | 9.7 | 10.0 | 3.0 |
| Self-Rated Health Status | ||||||||||||
| Excellent/Very Good/Good (%) | 80.0 | 82.4 | 43.2 | 87.0 | 88.2 | 46.3 | 89.1 | 90.1 | 50.4 | 85.8 | 87.3 | 45.6 |
| Fair/Poor (%) | 20.0 | 17.6 | 56.8 | 13.0 | 11.8 | 53.7 | 10.9 | 9.9 | 49.6 | 14.2 | 12.7 | 54.4 |
All estimates are weighted for the survey’s complex sampling design. All estimates except for age are age-standardized to the U.S. 2010 population. Percentages may not sum to 100 due to missing values or rounding
SE standard error
aKessler-6 psychological distress scale score ≥ 13
bMeets PA (physical activity) guidelines defined as ≥ 150 min/week of moderate intensity or ≥ 75 min/week of vigorous intensity or ≥ 150 min/week of moderate + vigorous intensity physical activity
cDyslipidemia defined as high cholesterol in the 12 months prior to interview. Available for survey years 2011–2017
d“Ideal” cardiovascular health includes never smoking/quit > 12 months prior to interview, BMI 18.5- < 25 kg/m2, meeting physical activity guidelines, and no prior diagnosis of dyslipidemia, hypertension, or diabetes/prediabetes
eIndicator of “ideal” cardiovascular health