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. 2022 Jun 14;15:23. doi: 10.1186/s13039-022-00600-6

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Mechanisms of double-strand break (DSB) repair. A Canonical Non-Homologous End-Joining (c-NHEJ) mechanism: The repair of (a) the DSB is done by molecularly bridging and rejoining the broken ends. This can happen (b) without nucleotide edition or through the editing of the broken ends with (c) addition or (d) loss of nucleotides. B Microhomology-Mediated End-Joining (MMEJ) mechanism: After (a) the DSB, (b) a 5′ to 3′ resection results in two 3′ single-stranded overhangs with exposed nucleotides of microhomology (purple), which (c) anneal. (d) After the trimming of the 3′ strands, the gaps are filled (light orange) and ligated, resulting in the repair with a deletion. C Homologous Recombination (HR) mechanism: after (a) a DSB in one of the sister chromatids, (b) a 5′ to 3′ resection creates a 3′ overhang with an exposed region of homology (yellow), (c) which helps the broken end to invade its sister chromatid and anneal, allowing for the start of DNA synthesis. (d) The DSB can be solved using homologous chromosomes without errors, therefore without the creation of rearrangements. It is important to note that HR can lead to rearrangements when it uses repetitive elements and not the homology located at the sister chromatid